SLP 481A Chapter 6: Developmental Language Disorder 낱말 카드
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What is developmental language disorder?
A persistent language disorder not explained by another primary diagnosis
What does DLD stand for?
Developmental language disorder
What is the defining feature of DLD?
Receptive or expressive language impairment that may persist and affect school and job success
What is the inclusionary criterion for DLD?
Language difficulty that is likely to persist beyond preschool and affect school success
What conditions are exclusionary for DLD?
Sensorineural hearing loss; intellectual disability; and other primary neurodevelopmental disorders
Can children with DLD have co occurring difficulties?
Yes; attention; motor; speech; executive function; and auditory processing difficulties may occur
When is DLD usually diagnosed?
After age 2 or 3 when there is enough evidence that the language impairment is likely to persist
Why is DLD usually not diagnosed in very young toddlers?
Early language delay may resolve and long term persistence is not yet clear
What older term was historically used for DLD?
Specific language impairment
What is believed to be a major cause of DLD?
Genetic factors
What evidence supports a genetic contribution to DLD?
Children with DLD are more likely to have family members with language impairment
Does inadequate language stimulation usually cause DLD?
No; lack of language stimulation is not typically the cause
Does environment still influence language development in DLD?
Yes; responsive and supportive language input can facilitate development
Why might children with DLD require more language stimulation?
They often need more intense and focused stimulation to become language proficient
What is late language emergence?
Language below age expectations in a child under age 3 without another diagnosed disability
What are other names for late language emergence?
Late talking; expressive language delay; or delayed language development
What is a major sign of LLE at 24 months?
Fewer than 50 expressive words
What other difficulties may occur with LLE?
Poor comprehension; limited gestures; limited sounds; limited symbolic play; and few word combinations
Why is LLE used instead of DLD in children under age 3?
Some toddlers with early language delay eventually catch up
What percentage of toddlers with LLE develop long term language impairment?
About 25 to 50 percent
Which children with LLE should especially be considered for early intervention?
Children with receptive and expressive limitations plus social communication difficulties
Why is early intervention important even when a child with LLE may catch up?
Some children later develop reading and writing difficulties
What is the approximate prevalence of DLD?
About 7.5 percent
What is the primary language deficit associated with DLD?
Morphosyntax
How does morphosyntax develop in children with DLD?
It follows a similar sequence but develops more slowly than in typical peers
Which verb forms are especially difficult for children with DLD?
Third person singular s; past tense ed; copulas; and auxiliary verbs
What other grammatical forms may be difficult in DLD?
Articles; possessive s; pronouns; wh questions; and complex clauses
Why must clinicians consider dialect when diagnosing DLD?
Normal dialect differences can resemble language disorder errors
Should African American English features automatically be considered language errors?
No; dialect differences must not be mistaken for DLD
What semantic difficulty commonly occurs in DLD?
Difficulty learning and retrieving vocabulary
What is vocabulary breadth?
The number of different words a child knows
What is vocabulary depth?
How well a child knows and understands individual words
What are Tier 1 vocabulary words?
Common everyday words usually learned without intervention
What are examples of Tier 1 vocabulary words?
House and fast
What are Tier 2 vocabulary words?
Useful academic words that occur across different subject areas
Why are Tier 2 words the main vocabulary intervention target?
They improve academic language; reading comprehension; and writing across subjects
What are examples of Tier 2 vocabulary words?
Progress; significant; diverse; coincide; and alternative
What are Tier 3 vocabulary words?
Low frequency words associated with specific academic content areas
What are examples of Tier 3 vocabulary words?
Latitude; longitude; globalization; and renaissance
What is a child friendly definition?
A simple everyday explanation that captures the essential meaning of a word
How should vocabulary be taught to children with DLD?
Explicitly; meaningfully; repeatedly; and across different contexts
What pragmatic difficulties commonly occur with DLD?
Reduced initiation; poor conversational repair; and difficulty interacting with peers
What is the assertiveness responsiveness scheme?
A framework for describing how a person initiates and responds during conversation
What is assertive communication?
Initiating topics; turns; comments; statements; requests; or questions
What is responsive communication?
Responding appropriately to another person's communication attempts
What assertiveness responsiveness profile represents effective communication?
High assertiveness and high responsiveness
What does high assertiveness and low responsiveness mean?
The person initiates frequently but responds poorly to others
What does low assertiveness and high responsiveness mean?
The person responds to others but rarely initiates
What does low assertiveness and low responsiveness mean?
The person rarely initiates or responds
Why is the assertiveness responsiveness scheme useful?
It identifies conversational participation skills that should be targeted in intervention
What is a social script?
A repeated social interaction that is likely to occur in everyday life
What are examples of social scripts?
Greetings; lunchtime interactions; asking a friend to play; and joining group activities
What is sociodramatic script training?
Using role play and cues to practice familiar everyday social routines
What is peer mediated intervention?
Intervention that incorporates peers to improve social communication
What are the three peer mediated treatment paradigms?
Social intervention with peers; peer confederate training; and sociodramatic script training
What is a successful peer entry strategy?
Approach peers; observe and imitate their activity; then make a positive comment
What skills support cooperative play?
Sharing; turn taking; organizing play; responding; helping; and resolving conflicts
What processing characteristic is associated with DLD?
Slower processing of linguistic information
What task may help differentiate children with and without DLD?
Nonword repetition
Approximately what percentage of children with DLD experience literacy difficulties?
About 80 percent
How common are reading comprehension difficulties in DLD?
At least half of children with DLD experience them
Why is reading comprehension often difficult for children with DLD?
Reading requires coordinated vocabulary; morphology; syntax; phonology; and discourse skills
What writing problems commonly occur in DLD?
Grammar errors; weak verb morphology; limited complex sentences; and poor organization
What is curriculum based language assessment?
A naturalistic assessment of whether language skills meet the demands of the school curriculum
Why is CBLA important for older students with DLD?
It shows how language difficulties affect actual classroom and academic performance
How can CBLA be used before intervention?
It can establish baseline academic language performance and identify meaningful intervention targets
What is language sample analysis?
A criterion referenced analysis of authentic language produced in a communicative context
Why is LSA important when assessing DLD?
It evaluates form; content; and use and helps identify intervention goals
What is enhanced milieu teaching?
A hybrid naturalistic intervention targeting early vocabulary and semantic combinations
Who is an appropriate candidate for EMT?
A beginning language learner who imitates; has at least 10 words; and has an MLU from 1.0 to 3.5
Why is EMT considered a hybrid intervention?
It combines naturalistic and structured contexts with implicit and explicit strategies
What are the four primary EMT strategies?
Modeling; mand model; time delay; and incidental teaching
What is time delay in EMT?
Using a nonverbal prompt and waiting before providing a desired object or action
What is mand model in EMT?
Prompting communication for a desired item and modeling the response when needed
What is incidental teaching in EMT?
Arranging the environment to create a natural reason for the child to communicate
Why does EMT follow the child's focus of attention?
Child interest and motivation create meaningful opportunities to communicate
What is auditory bombardment?
Providing many models of a target grammatical form with little or no response required
Why is auditory bombardment used with ECRT?
It increases exposure and primes the child to attend to the grammatical target
What is enhanced conversational recast training?
A hybrid grammar intervention using frequent and varied sentence recasts
What is a sentence recast?
An adult response that changes a child's utterance while maintaining the child's intended meaning
What is sentence combining intervention?
Teaching school age students to combine simple sentences into more complex sentences