Medical High-Yield Review Notes

High-yield vocabulary and fact-based review flashcards covering internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, pharmacology, and clinical diagnosis.

Doxycycline, Minocycline, and Tigecycline

Antibiotics that do not require dose reduction in renal failure and have fewer renal side effects.

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

A condition in which IV hydrocortisone is the drug of choice for patients with a previously known diagnosis.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A coagulopathy that prolongs both PT and aPTT, unlike Hemophilia B, Lupus anticoagulant, and vWD, which only prolong aPTT.

Wilson's Disease Diagnostic Gold Standard

Measuring hepatic copper content, which is the most sensitive and accurate test for diagnosing the disease.

Pediatric Maintenance Fluid Calculation (30 kg Child)

Calculated as $1500\text{ mL} + 20\text{ mL/kg}$ for every kilogram over $20\text{ kg}$, totaling $1700\text{ mL}$ daily.

Nuchal Translucency Screening

A first-trimester ultrasound screening test for aneuploidy performed between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation.

Faget's Sign

A clinical sign characterized by fever with relative bradycardia, observed in enteric fever, yellow fever, brucellosis, and tularemia.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A clinical condition marked by fever, refractory hypoxia, bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray, and a $\text{PaO}_2/\text{FiO}_2$ ratio $< 300\text{ mmHg}$.

Flask-Shaped Ulcers

Characteristic mucosal ulcerations suggestive of intestinal amoebiasis, which is treated with intravenous metronidazole.

ATLS Thermal Burn Resuscitation Formula

A fluid resuscitation calculation: $\text{TBSA (\%)} \times \text{weight (kg)} \times 2 = \text{volume (mL)}$.

Parkland Formula

A traditional resuscitation formula used for electrical burns: $\text{TBSA (\%)} \times \text{weight (kg)} \times 4 = \text{volume (mL)}$.

Human Genome Size

Consists of $3.2\text{ billion}$ base pairs in the haploid state of 23 chromosomes.

Acute Dystonia

An extrapyramidal side effect of high-potency antipsychotics, manifesting as torticollis and orofacial movements shortly after starting haloperidol.

Dressler Syndrome

An autoimmune post-MI pericarditis occurring 1–12 weeks after myocardial infarction, presenting with pleuritic chest pain and fever.

Eslicarbazepine Acetate

A carbamazepine prodrug with once-daily dosing that undergoes rapid conversion to licarbazepine.

rK39 Dipstick Test

A rapid diagnostic test that serves as the mainstay for the serological diagnosis of Kala Azar.

Mott Cells

Plasma cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin inclusions called Russell bodies, frequently seen in multiple myeloma.

Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy

An obstetric emergency managed by immediate laparotomy when the patient is hemodynamically unstable, or methotrexate when stable.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presentation

Commonly manifests with abdominal pain, weight loss, and a palpable mass; jaundice is an uncommon finding.

Neonatal Resuscitation Epinephrine Indication

Administered intravenously when the neonate's heart rate remains $< 60\text{ beats/minute}$ despite effective chest compressions and positive pressure ventilation.

Anterior Cerebral Artery (A2 Segment) Occlusion

A vascular occlusion presenting with crural monoparesis and urinary incontinence, distinct from a lacunar stroke syndrome.

Broad Ligament Contents

Anatomical structures summarized by the mnemonic FUR ROPE: fallopian tube, uterine/ovarian vessels and nerves, round ligament of the uterus, round ligament of the ovary, paroophoron, and epoophoron.

Trans-Epithelial Nasal Potential Difference Test

A confirmatory diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis utilized when sweat chloride test results are equivocal.

Ventricular Tachycardia

An arrhythmia defined on ECG by wide QRS complexes, absence of P waves, and a heart rate $> 100\text{/min}$.

Medulloblastoma

The most common primary malignant brain tumor in children, distinct from pilocytic astrocytoma which is the most common primary CNS tumor overall.

Tamsulosin

The preferred medical agent for relieving postoperative urinary retention, particularly in patients with coexisting COPD.

Mammography Screening Recommendation

Recommended to begin annually at age 40 for average-risk women.

HBsAg Card Test

A diagnostic antigen detection test that functions on the principle of immunochromatography.

Pneumonia Criteria (9-Month-Old)

Fast breathing defined by a respiratory rate $> 50\text{ breaths/minute}$.

ASHA Home Based Newborn Care Schedule

Home visits conducted up to 42 days of life on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42.

Venous Ulcers

Ulcerations situated in the lower 1/3rd of the leg and foot (proximal to the malleoli) accompanied by lipodermatosclerosis and hemosiderosis.

Prehn's Sign

A physical exam finding where scrotal elevation relieves testicular pain, differentiating acute epididymo-orchitis from testicular torsion.

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

The coenzyme required for oxidative decarboxylation reactions, with the notable exception of isocitrate dehydrogenase.

95% Normal Distribution Range Formula

Calculated as $\text{Mean} \pm 2 \times \text{Standard Deviation}$, yielding $85\text{--}125\text{ mg/dL}$ for a mean of 105 and SD of 10.

Neonatal Fluid Requirements (>1500g)

Maintenance fluid starting at $60\text{ mL/kg/day}$ on day 1 and escalating to $135\text{ mL/kg/day}$ by day 6.

Respirable Particle Size in Pneumoconiosis

Dust particles ranging between $0.5$ and $3\text{ microns}$, which present the highest risk of causing occupational lung disease.

Hiatus Hernia

Herniation of gastric anatomy upward through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity, best investigated using CT with oral contrast.

Flow-Volume Loop Classifications

Obstructive patterns (COPD, asthma, emphysema, endobronchial neoplasm) versus restrictive patterns (pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, obesity, neuromuscular disease).

Ampulla of the Fallopian Tube

The longest (~5 cm) and widest segment of the fallopian tube, serving as the most common location for ectopic pregnancies.

Mediolateral Episiotomy

A surgical incision angled at $60^\circ$ performed during crowning to prevent severe perineal lacerations.

Six's Maximum-Minimum Thermometer

A U-shaped thermometer containing mercury, alcohol, and a dumb-bell shaped index that records temperature extremes over time.

Gastric Lymphoma

A gastric malignancy most frequently localized to the antrum, primarily comprising diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy.

Heller's Syndrome

Also known as childhood disintegrative disorder, marked by severe regression in social and functional skills following at least 2 years of normal development.

Ovarian Torsion

A gynecologic emergency evaluated via Doppler sonography, commonly presenting with sharp abdominal pain and vomiting, carrying the greatest risk with masses $> 6\text{ cm}$.

Quickening

The initial maternal perception of fetal movement, classically recognized between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation.

Type II Lepra Reaction (ENL)

An immune-mediated reaction in multibacillary leprosy featuring painful erythematous nodules, treated with high-dose steroids or thalidomide in young men.

Intraductal Papilloma

A benign breast condition presenting with unilateral bloody nipple discharge, featuring a central fibrovascular core and arborizing luminal papillae.

Potter Syndrome

A congenital condition consisting of renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, and pulmonary hypoplasia, causing typical facies and limb deformities.

Placenta Previa Diagnostic Method

Transvaginal sonography (TVS), which provides superior diagnostic accuracy over transabdominal scanning.

Breast Cancer Tis Staging

Stage 0 classification denoting carcinoma in situ restricted to DCIS and Paget's disease without invasion, excluding LCIS.

Beck's Triad

The triad of hypotension, distended jugular veins, and muffled heart sounds characteristic of cardiac tamponade, managed via emergency sub-xiphoid pericardial tap.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A disorder characterized by heightened colonic motor potentials, visceral hypersensitivity, and mid-cingulate cortex activation.

Schizophrenia Prognostic Indicators

Insidious onset predicts a poor prognosis, whereas acute onset, late age of onset, and an identifiable precipitating stressor predict a good prognosis.

Hirschsprung Disease Pull-Through Procedures

Definitive surgical techniques including Swenson, Duhamel, and Soave operations (excluding Heineke-Mikulicz, which is a pyloroplasty).

Posterior Urethral Valves

Congenital tissue flaps distal to the verumontanum that block urinary outflow and cause bilateral hydronephrosis in males.

Genioglossus

Known as the 'safety muscle' of the tongue, responsible for protruding the tongue forward.

Extrinsic Laryngeal Membranes

Membranes connecting the larynx to adjacent structures outside the larynx, including the cricotracheal, thyrohyoid, and hyoepiglottic membranes.

Digital Clubbing

Bulbous expansion of the distal digits linked to specific pulmonary, cardiac, GI, or skin disorders, but not typically caused by aortic dissection.

Telmisartan

An angiotensin II receptor blocker that lowers systemic vascular resistance and uniquely acts as a PPARγ agonist, beneficial in hypertensive diabetics.

Ectopic Pregnancy Serial β-hCG

Serum β-hCG monitored every 48 hours; an increase of less than a double rise is indicative of an ectopic gestation.

Epidemic Typhus Exanthem

A characteristic centrifugal rash that begins on the trunk and spreads to the limbs while sparing the palms and soles.

Passaro's Triangle

An anatomical territory where approximately 90% of gastrinomas are anatomically located.

Tetanizing Frequency

The stimulation frequency generating tetanic skeletal muscle contraction, ranging from $30\text{--}35\text{ Hz}$ (specifically $33\text{ Hz}$).

National Health Policy 2017 Spending Goal

An Indian national benchmark targeting public health expenditure at $2.5\%$ of GDP by 2025, alongside the WHO goal of at least $5\%$ of GNP.

UV Absorbance at 280 nm

A spectrophotometric property elevated by substituting alanine with tryptophan, an aromatic amino acid possessing conjugated double bonds.

Endothrix Tinea Capitis

A dermatophyte infection presenting as patchy alopecia with 'black dots', most frequently caused by Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton violaceum.

Varenicline

An $\alpha_4\beta_2$ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist used as a pharmacologic adjunct to first-line behavioral therapy for smoking cessation.

Wullstein Tympanoplasty Classification

A surgical classification consisting of Type I (TM perforation only), Type II (TM perforation + malleus erosion), Type III (graft placed on stapes head), Type IV (only footplate present), and Type V (fixed footplate with semicircular canal fenestration).