Psychology Adol. Exam 3

Relational Aggression

A form of aggression that manipulates social standing and relationships to harm others through exclusion, damaging relationships or spreading rumors often used more with women.

(Men usually more physical)

Why is relational aggression difficult to prevent?

Relational aggression id harder to detect compared to physical and if it isn’t overdone then usually tend to lead to more popularity as it is strategic. Social status will undermine intervention as popualrity is hard to give up.

Types of groups who are targeted for bullying and the effects

about 1/3 ppl report being bullied in the past year. The main targets are LGBTQ+ adolescents and cause low self-esteem, depression, loneliness, challenges with academics, sleep, and social skills.

Even with background factor bullying relates to lower academic retainment and earning and workplace victimization. Many people who bully tend to bully others as a form of coping.

Cyberbullying

Physical bullying will tend to decline over early adolescence and cyberbullying increases and usually not anonymous. It is instrumental and takes planning, but the bullies tend to be more popular. However, the more the adolescents witness the more immune they become and they become less empathetic overtime and will less likely reach out and less likely to care about others. Likelihood of cyberbullying relates to peer perceptions and parental relationships and behaviors.

Gender differences when it comes to bullying

Men tend to retaliate

women will tend to conform

Types of Intervention for bullying

Parental monitoring of internet is the biggest one and less likely for s kid to be bullied. Successful monitoring involves a combination of parent solicitation of information and adolescent self-disclosure.

Note: parental monitoring is more effective them limiting time online

School wide bullying programs

The programs have small effect on elementary school students and no effect whatsoever after the 7th grade. Then in high school it can actually lead to more bullying.

Peer relationships

No matter the time period friendships will play a role with intimacy and self-disclosure and will stimulate reflection. Friend’s school performance has the greatest impact on school performance and on achievement and behavior.

Cliques

This is a small tightly knit group of between 2 to 12 friends generally the same age and can be defined by common activities like football players or groups of students who study together. This can be the main social context in which adolescents interact with one another the more “cliquish” and the more closed off they are but usually all cliques are small enough where they feel like the know one another and appreciate one another more than people outside their group.

Cliques are quite different in structure and purpose than crowds. As cliques help with social development and on activity and friendship and shows how to be a good friend.

Crowd

They are reputation-based clusters that help solidify young people’s social identity or largely, loosely organized groups of young people composed of several different cliques and typically organized around a common provide context on shared activity. Typically crowds include jocks, brains, nerds. Crowds are not setting for adolescents’ intimate interactions or friendships but a purpose of locate adolescents to themselves and others within a socials structure of school., to channel adolescents towards some peers and away from others. To provide context on one that reward a certain lifestyle and disparages another. Membership is based mainly on reputation and serotype rather that social interaction.

How do cliques and crowds change overtime

It is measured by the increase importance of romantic relationships. Boys and girls’ cliques come together in a transitional stage and usually leads by a clique leader during earl adolescents. Then in middle adolescence during senior year peer groups disintegrate and lean towards romantic partners. Feeling of being in a crowd will disappear as growing cognitive sophistication and they will be able to define crowds more in terms that are abstract than concrete and will become more aware of their crowd structure and their place i it. It becomes less hierarchical and allows freedom t change crowds and enhance your status. In early adolescent crowds may have two crowds like normals and losers and it then grows to many different ones. The crowd influence becomes saline and declines in importance and influence.

Whats relationship between crowd membership and idenity

Crowds contribute to the definition of norms and standards for such things as clothing, leisure, and music, Crowds serve as a reference group against which people compare themselves to. Crowds are based off identities as people have higher esteem when they have higher status and adolescents will often imitate the behavior of high-status people. Crowds will establish social norms and values and expectations. Then it becomes reinforced when crowd members behave in certain ways that are consistent with norms.

Takeaways from sex segregation

In early and middle adolescent years cliques are primarily composed of same sex friendships but this becomes weaker as adolescents get older

Takeaways about ethic segregation

ethnicity predicts friendship pattern and increases in adolescents and is stronger predeictors of social economic status

Perceived popularity

tied to social power, dominance, and the strategic use of relational aggression and sued to get higher status

Sociometric popularity

Genuine likeability and prosocial behaviors

The background on percieved popularity

By age 14 adolescents understand the difference between tow popularity groups. Social competence and emotional competence help as helps know what is valued and what isn’t and they will read cues and adjust according to. Perceived behaviors are linked to more risky behavior

Popularity goals

Adolescents number one goal becomes popularity and will prioritize over social domains and will even ruin friendships.

Popularity goals with perceived popularity

People will use relational aggression to become popular and the more someone wants to be popular the more they will want to engage in physical relations and popularity driven behavior.

However initial status does matter for when succeeding in gaining popularity. As people with high goals and use social aggression would increase popularity but only for people with high status. Then people who had low status and used relational aggression actually decreased their popularity as it shows they are trying too hard or being fake.

How do friendships affect school outcome and antisocial activity

Adolescent friends tend to be similar in their attitudes towards school, achievement and course selection and educational plans. One reason for this is how students devote to school will affect their involvement in other activities. Parents who stress involvement mat stress that they hang out with the right peers. Also, friendships depend on who they have in class and usually the same classes will be on same academic tracks and achievements. Friends influence behaviors, their friend’s school performance, school involvement and drug use.

Is friendship driven by selection or socialization

Both as people who use alc. drugs tend to select friends who do too and being around them increase their use. Socialization is far stronger over day to day prefernces in such things as clothing or music that over many behaviors such as risky behaviors such as risky sex or binge drinking selections is stronger when it comes from problem behavior like drug use.

Social media and perceived popularity

Social media is linked with perceived popularity and popularity goals. Want to be more popular then leads to more social media.

Costs and benefits of popularity

Too popular can become a target for others relational aggression. People with very high perceived popularity or very low perceived popularity are less satisfied with friendships and social life. while people in the middle tend to feel okay.

Social media with popularity goals and perceived popularity

The more followers they have the happier they are. The more engagement will lead to addiction so more followers the more addicted to social media they are. However more followers the more likely to be cyberbullied and both addiction and bullying leads to negative impacts.

How do friendships change over adolescents

Adolescents show more moderate stability over the course of the school year. Some members will stay in cliques, other leaving, and new ones joining. Although cliques become more stable later in high school. Even though people may be replaced they will tend to have similar characteristics like attitudes and values to the former. Same sex friendships tend to be more stable that girls friendships stability is higher among well-adjusted adolescents then among their more troubled peers as they are better at maintain friendships. The most common reason for broken friendship is jealousy incompatibility, betrayal, and aggression.

How long do adolescents on average spend in one day using one or more media

It is around 9 hours a day and this doesn’t account for using two screens at one time. It relates to negative school achievement and implications on relationships too.

Potential benefits for social media use

• 2/3 report experiences on social media have made them feel better about themselves through conversation and experience

• 60% of adolescents say social media has made them feel closer to another person as frequent communication can bring friends together

• Overall social media can be positive if used current friends and adolescents seek out and find support and feedback

Challenges with Social Media use?

Some spend a considerable time obsessing about online relationships by monitoring and over analyzing.

Frequent messaging can be compulsive and relate to anxiety and depression

Social media support people with high status and socially successful and detracts from people who are not

Theres comparison between relationships and one of the primary contributors to poorer mental health is social comparison

Peers engage in social comparison and facilitate conversations and lead to negative mental health issues.

Body image and disordered eating

Body concerns so image, dissatisfaction and esteem - more social media leads to body concern but it has small effect

eating disorder, internalization both have small effect when use more social media

Objectification is seen to ahve moderate effect

small effects means more effect from other factors besides objectification becasue social media plays towards this more

However it becomes bigger when looking specifically at and individual app

Meta analysis - longitude study of social media 113 cohorts and a female study that went for 22 years

It showed more depression, more internalizing, more externalizing behaviors and more self injurious thoughts and behavior and problematic internet use. It showed less positive development, less academic achievement and more substance abuse

Screen time or problematic use?

It may be more about problematic social media use or screen broadly. It is addictive.

Internet addiction

Saline- online is the number one most important thing

Mood change- their mood changes as function of internet experience

Tolerance- they need more and more internet use to feel satisfied

Withdrawal- Negative feelings when prevent from going online

Conflict- Internet causes problems with relationship or other parts of life

Relapse- Reinstatement or return to behavior after getting ti under control

2008 study on screen time and addiction

Social media and screen use showed high increasing trajectories had 2-3 times greater risk of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors compared to lower trajectory.

Social media: high peaking and increasing trajectory had greater internalizing and externalizing symptom then low trajectory

By the end of the four years 1 in 3 had high addictive use for social media and 1 in 4 for cell phones

this was all associated with sleep difficulties, loneliness, procrastination, and social anxiety

Overlap in brain structure and activity with other forms of addiction as there is heightened plasticity during adolescents and created concerns about vulnerability to social media

Media Violence

Video games do not make adolescents more aggressive, but exposures do change their attitudes towards it. They are less impacted by it and accept it more when they see and hear it.

TV violence exposure in childhood linked to more aggressive behavior in adolescents and adulthood, tolerance of it, and more desensitization it effects on others.

Sex in Media

More than 70% of television contains sexual content and historically researchers have focused on problematic or controversial aspects of sexual activity. There are some positive sexual developments as they become more comfortable with maturing body’s or understanding sexual arousal is normal and appropriate. Feeling more comfortable to engage or not engage in sexual activities and how to practice safe sex.

Pornography as information

Many youths lack sex education about sex, STIs and pregnancy prevention. Adolescents turn to media and it is sensationalized, misleading, heteronormative, and misogynistic. Many adolescents use porn as their primary source of sex information and knowing how to practice safe sex.

3am model

This is a sexual script: Acquisition, Activation, Application

People learn lessons about sexual norms and consequences from porn, and this creates a script

Symbolic guideline for sexual behavior:

Acquisition: learning a new script

Activation: media primes on already acquired script making it reinforced

Application: acquired and activated script guides judgement or behavior

Erroneous Sexual messages

Porn includes a number of messages not supported by human sexuality research

The more 14- to 18-year-old depends on porn for sexual learning the more erroneous beliefs they hold. This is also the case for frequency of porn consumption.

Fewest erroneous beliefs

people with lowest dependency and sexually inexperienced

Attitudes and Behaviors

Relationships between porn and perceived realism as the more they watch the more they believe it is real. This brings us back to sexual script. We see mixed result in safe sex, but see more permissive sexual attitudes as it becomes more lenient, stereotypical gender behaviors, and sexual aggression.

Takeaway from social media influence related to porin and violence

Important to know that adolescents develop scripts from multiple sources one that includes porn

This has a potential to facilitate negative gender stereotypes, erroneous beliefs, risky sexual behaviors and engagement in sexually aggressive behaviors

One suggestion is to include porn as an informal sexual educator

It is important to equip adolescents with skills to critically evaluate what they see

What triggers development of autonomy individuation

it starts as a toddler and goes into adolescents, and it sought out for when someone wants self-reliance. Some suggests that puberty triggers changes in a young person emotional relationship at home as adolescents will turn away from parents to peers for emotional support and evolutionary perspective. Cognitive development happens later but means making independent decisions and understand different people have different perspectives and will give different advice.

How do views of parents change, and why does closeness matter for emotional development

By the end of adolescent’s people are far less emotionally dependent on their parents they won’t rush to their parents at time when they are upset or worried and stop seeing them as all-knowing then they also may be wrapped in another emotional relationship like a boyfriend. They will go to them instead of their parents. Physical changes of puberty cause disruption and conflict and this drives to separate from their parents emotionally and go to their peers usually of the opposite sex.

This is called detachment and severs the emotional attachment with parent.

however, studies show that adolescents mostly get along well with parent but may bicker more but doesn’t diminish closeness and may become closer after college. Individuation a slow process where you become more autonomous and adolescents see parents flaws more and the parents know less friends’ parents and share less of their emotions, and deidealization, when emotionally autonomous it’s important to feel closely attached are physiologically healthier and important to distinguish

How do different parenting styles shape emotional autonomy

Authoritative parenting fosters responsibility, self-esteem, and positive mental. Guidelines are established for adolescents’ behavior and standards are upheld but flexible to open for discussion. They are involved in monitoring that supports development of autonomy, and any decisions come from consulting and discussing.

Authoritarian: is a household where rules are highly enforced but rarely explained and adjusting as the adolescent becomes more difficult. Parents see their emotionally autonomous behavior as rebellious and resists their adolescent growing needs of independence.

Indulgent and Indifferent: these parents to give enough guidance and adolescents lack standard behavior. They will lean towards their peers and will be surprised by consequences and if they change their parenting by becoming stricter or becoming more present it is hard on the adolescents and as the adolescents seeks more autonomy that’s when the parent become strict.

What are three trends in cognitive autonomy development

Cognitive autonomy entails changes in adolescent beliefs, opinion, , and values. First trend adolescent becomes increasingly abstract in the way they think about moral political, and religious issues. Leads to more complicated decisions about one act when beliefs are being conflicted with another.

Second beliefs become rooted in general principals, like breaking the law is okay when helping pollution.

Lastly, beliefs become increasingly founded in the young person’s own values not merely a system of values passed on by your parents or other authority figures. Theres a further development in hypothetical thinking and interests in ideological. It can be simulated by emotional autonomy.

What are stages and trends in moral reasoning? How does reasoning connect to behavior?

Moral development involves two things reasoning (how to think in a moral dilemma) and behavior (how they behave when moral judgement) this is prosocial behavior when behaviors intend to help.

Three levels to moral reasoning and the first is preconventional moral reasoning which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments associated with actions. This is based on external physical events and focused on reward and punishments.

Conventional moral reasoning which occurs during late childhood and early adolescents characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society. It is thinking about moral issues and not thinking about reasoning and punishment, but how an individual’s behavior is judged by others. They think about moral decisions in terms of socially accepted rules that people are supposed to follow.

Post conventional reasoning is the level of reasoning during society rule and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authorities. Rules aren’t now definitive and absolute. More moral reasoning at a higher status is less likely to act antisocial matter, less likely to cheat, and how to pressures of others. Moral reasoning and behavior break down when they define issues as a personal choice rather than ethical dilemma. (Using drugs is personal not ethical dilemma) This can lead to risky decisions when believe it is a personal choice, to justify their behavior instead when believe it is a personal choice to justify their behavior instead of a moral one. This is a moral disengagement which is the rationalize immoral behavior as legitimate as a way to justifying bad action.

How involved are adolescent in engagement

Civic engagement a way to show prosocial behavior as a broad term for a category of activities that relate involvement in political and community affairs. Include staying knowledgeable about politics and current affairs participating in conventional activities like voting on an election. Participating in alternative political activities like being part of a demonstration or boycott, and engaging in community service

What predicts service learning? What outcomes associated with it?

Service learning is the process of learning through involvement in community service. Adolescents have a strong need to be engaged in community service and helps them find purpose in their lives and feel like they matter to the other people in the community It has positive development on autonomy, identity and prosocial responsibilities increases in the importance individual place on helping others, increased in commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity. It also can predict volunteering in adulthood. the effects depend on how long they volunteer, Forcing them will create negative effect about community services and less likely in adulthood.

Autonomy

About acting independent feeling independent and thinking for oneself

Emotional autonomy

related to changes in the individual’s close relationship

Behavioral autonomy

related to ability to make own decisions

relevant to family and peers involves decisions making abilities and susceptibility to the influence

Cognitive autonomy

related to having own values, opinions

Susceptibility to others influence

Peers are short term day to day social issues

parents are invested in adolescents’ behavior and decisions, but it can be more effective is supportive and not controlling

Self-determination theory

three core needs:

relatedness: feel connected

Competence: feel like can do things

Autonomy: in control of ourselves