Fundamentals of Biology Lab Test #2 Study Guide

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering cell division (mitosis and meiosis), human inheritance patterns, DNA fingerprinting techniques, and natural selection principles from the Fundamentals of Biology Lab Test #2 study guide.

Prophase

The phase of cell division during which the chromosomes start to condense.

Anaphase (Mitosis)

The phase of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and head towards opposite poles of the cell.

Anaphase II

The phase of meiosis during which sister chromatids separate and head towards opposite poles of the cell, leaving each chromosome composed of a single chromatid.

Metaphase (Mitosis)

The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.

Metaphase I

The phase of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes line up across from each other in the center of the cell.

Metaphase II

The phase of meiosis during which sister chromatids line up across from each other in the center of the cell.

Telophase

The phase during which the nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes.

S phase

The phase of the cell cycle during which chromosomes are replicated.

Prophase I

The stage of meiosis during which crossing-over occurs.

Mitosis (Function)

The division of the cell nucleus.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle during which chromosomes are duplicated.

G-zero phase

The phase of the cell cycle containing cells that are no longer dividing.

Anaphase I

The phase of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes separate and head towards opposite poles of the cell.

Meiosis

The process by which haploid cells are produced from diploid cells, reducing chromosome number in half during the production of gametes in sexually reproducing organisms.

Allele

One of two or more variants of a gene that determines a particular trait for a characteristic; alternate forms of the same gene.

Karyotype

An image of chromosomes arranged in pairs by size and shape that may reveal genetic abnormalities.

Dominant allele

A gene that masks or overrides the effect of a different variant.

Recessive allele

A gene whose effect is hidden or not expressed in the phenotype.

Homologous chromosomes

Two copies of a given chromosome pair in eukaryotic cells, with one copy inherited from each parent.

Sister chromatids

The two copies of a duplicated chromosome.

Centromere

The region of close attachment between sister chromatids.

Phenotype

The observable traits expressed by an organism.

Genotype

An organism's underlying genetic and allelic makeup.

Sex-linked genes

Genes that are carried by either sex chromosome.

Hemizygous

The condition when only one copy of a chromosome is present in a diploid organism, such as the single X chromosome of human males.

Monosomy

The condition when only one copy of an allele is present in a diploid organism.

Micropipette

A laboratory tool used in gel electrophoresis to add DNA samples to the wells.

Bromophenol blue

A dye added to individual DNA samples to visually track the migration progress of the DNA through the gel.

Agarose

A material used for making the gel matrix in gel electrophoresis.

Standard gel apparatus

An electrophoresis chamber containing a gel, buffer solution, electrodes, and a power supply.

Band closest to the positive electrode

The band representing the smallest DNA fragments, which travel faster and farther through the gel toward the positive electrode.

Natural selection

An evolutionary mechanism occurring when individuals with inherited traits that help them survive and reproduce are more likely to pass those traits to their offspring.

Mutation

The source of new, novel alleles in a population.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A state where the allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation, meaning the population is not evolving.