World History: Industrialization, Modernization, Imperialism, and Resistance

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering artistic movements during the Industrial Revolution, the Meiji Restoration in Japan, anti-colonial resistance in Ghana, and key concepts of imperialism.

Romanticism

An artistic movement that responded to industrialization by portraying idyllic, powerful landscapes as an escape from the ugliness and chaos of smoke-filled industrial cities.

Realism

An artistic movement that confronted the industrial era directly by depicting the unvarnished, gritty truth of factories, city streets, and working-class labor.

Impressionism

An art movement shaped by urban spaces and the invention of the camera, utilizing quick, loose brushstrokes to capture fleeting light and modern life in motion.

Modern Artist

An independent creative thinker and social critic whose role shifted from executing aristocratic or church commissions to questioning, interpreting, and critiquing society.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The feudal military government of Japan based in Edo where shoguns held actual political power while the emperor ruled only in name.

Sokoku policy

The closed-country isolationist policy instituted by the Tokugawa shogunate that secluded Japan from the outside world for over two centuries under penalty of death.

Treaty of Kanagawa

The 1854 agreement signed under threat of force following Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival, which ended Japan's 220 years of isolation and opened Shimoda and Hakodate ports to American ships.

Sacho alliance

The political and military coalition formed between the Choshu and Satsuma domains to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and return governing power to the emperor.

Boshin War

The civil conflict led by the Sacho alliance that culminated in the fall of Edo, ending Tokugawa rule and initiating the Meiji era.

Charter Oath of Five principle

The foundational policy issued under Emperor Meiji that guided Japan's modernization, administrative restructuring, and adoption of a western parliamentary constitution.

Treaty of San Francisco

The 1952 treaty that officially ended the Allied post-World War II occupation of Japan, restoring its sovereignty.

Golden Stool

The sacred symbol and spiritual essence of Asante independence and statehood, brought down by the first High Priest for Asantehene Osei Tutu.

Nana Yaa Asantewaa

The 65-year-old queen and acting chief of Ejisu who mobilized Asante forces in 1900 to fight the British and prevent the seizure of the Golden Stool.

Indirect rule

The British colonial administrative system that enforced imperial policies and directives through local, indigenous chiefs.

United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)

The first political party formed in sub-Saharan Africa, founded after World War II by Ghanaian lawyers and merchants to challenge British colonial governance.

Convention People's Party (CPP)

The political party founded by Kwame Nkrumah after departing the UGCC, which mobilized grassroots farmers and laborers behind the demand for self-government now.

Positive action

A campaign of nonviolent strikes, market shutdowns, and civil noncooperation declared by Kwame Nkrumah in January 1950 based on Gandhian philosophy.

Imperialism

A policy or practice whereby one nation extends control over other territories or nations through military, political, or economic means, exploiting their resources and labor.

Economic exploitation

A primary dynamic of imperialism in which colonizing powers extract raw materials, wealth, and labor from colonized regions while suppressing indigenous industries.

Cultural assimilation

The imperial practice of imposing the colonizing nation's language, educational framework, and cultural norms onto colonized populations, marginalizing local traditions.