PLANT CELL

roots, stems, and leaves

3 basic organs evolved in plants

root system, shoot system

2 systems in plants

Shoot system

Roots rely on this system because it produces sugar through photosynthesis, where photosynthesis happens

Root system

Shoots rely on this because this is where water and minerals are absorbed.

Anchoring the plant, absorbing minerals and water, storing organic nutrients

Functions of roots

Taproot System

System that consists of 1 main vertical root that gives rise to some large lateral or branch roots

Fibrous root system

Seedless vascular plants and monocots have this system, characterized by many thin lateral roots with no main root

Root hairs

In most plants, absorption of water and minerals occurs near these and they increase the surface area

Prop Roots

Support tall top heavy plants

Pneumatophores

“Air roots” enable root systems to capture oxygen

Buttress Roots

Support tall trunks of some tropical trees “Like butresses”

Storage roots

storage of starch and water

Stem

an organ consisting of alternating system of nodes

Nodes

the points in which leaves are attached

Internodes

the stem segments between nodes

Axillary bud

structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch

apical bud or terminal bud

is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

Rhizomes, bulbs, stolons, tubers

Examples of modified stems (all)

Leaf

The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

Flattened blade and petiole

What consists leaves

Petiole

joins the leaf to a node of a stem

arrangement of veins

Where do monocots and eudicots differ in

Parallel veins

Arrangement of veins in monocots

Branching veins

Arrangement of veins in eudicots

Simple leaf

What kind of leaf (Simple, compound, or doubly compounded)

Compound leaf

What kind of leaf (Simple, compound, or doubly compounded)

Doubly compounded leaf

What kind of leaf (Simple, compound, or doubly compounded)

tendrils, spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves, bracts

Examples of modified leaves (all)

Permanent tissues

Tissues that contain nondividing cells. The cells are also modified to perform specific functions in the plants, derived from the meristematic tissue

simple and complex

2 types of permanent tissues

Ground/simple tissues

type of permanent tissue that is the maintenance and support of the plant

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

3 types of simple permanent tissues

Parenchyma

spherical and thin-walled, located throughout the plant, photosynthesis and storage

Chlorenchyma

photosynthetic parenchyma cells

Collenchyma

elongated with thick cell walls, beneath epidermis in stems and leaf veins, flexible support

Sclerenchyma

has primary and secondary cell walls, dead at functional maturity; for support, heavily lignified, fibers: wood, bark sclereids: fruits and seeds

Vascular/Complex tissues

Type of permanent tissues that transports materials

Xylem

transport of water and materials

Tracheid

narrow with tapered ends

Perforation plate

ends of each vessel element/tracheid

Phloem

transport of other materials(e.g. glucose)

Sieve-tube member

main passageway

Companion cell

helps in managing nutrient flow

Sieve plate

ends of each sieve-tube member

Meristematic tissues

undifferentiated plant cells

primary growth and secondary growth

2 types of plant growth

Primary growth

increase in the length of shoot and root systems

Apical meristem

what facilitates primary growth

Secondary growth

increase in the girth of shoot and root systems

Lateral meristem

what facilitates secondary growth

Apical, lateral, and intercalary

3 types of meristem based on location

Apical meristem

- situated in tips of root and shoot, gives rise to primary meristem members

Protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem

primary meristem members

Lateral meristem

- situated in sides of root and shoots, gives rise to secondary meristem members

vascular cambium, cork cambium

secondary meristem members

Intercalary Meristem

situated in tips and base of stem and leaves, found only in monocots, allows rapid growth in the nodes

Stomata

Pores, typically on the surface of leaves and stems, that regulate gas exchange (CO intake, O and H O release)

Guard Cells

Two specialized cells that surround each stoma. They control the opening and closing of the stoma by changing their turgor pressure, influenced by factors like light, CO concentration, and water availability

turgid/swollen

What do guard cells look like for the stomata to open

Flaccid/shrunken

What do guard cells look like for the stomata to close

Epidermal Cells

Ordinary cells that form the protective outer layer of the plant

Mesophyll

The tissue between the upper and lower epidermis, containing cells rich in chloroplasts for photosynthesis

palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll

2 divisions of mesophyll (elongated and irregularly shaped cells with air sacs)

Bundle Sheath Cells

Cells surrounding the vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) in leaves, playing a role in photosynthesis (especially in C4 plants) and transport