Chem exam #2

H

Hydrgen

He

Helium

Li

Lithium

Be

Beryllium

B

Boron

C

Carbon

N

Nitrogen

O

Oxygen

F

Fluorine

Ne

Neon

Na

Sodium

Mg

Magnesium

Al

Aluminum

Si

Silicon

P

Phosphorus

S

Sulfur

Cl

Chlorine

Ar

Argon

K

Potassium

Ca

Calcium

Sc

Scandium

Ti

Titanium

V

Vanadium

Cr

Chromium

Mn

Manganese

Fe

iron

Co

Cobalt

Ni

Nickel

Cu

Copper

Zn

Zinc

Ga

Gallium

As

Arsenic

Se

Selenium

Br

Bromine

Kr

Krypton

Rb

Rubidium

Sr

Strontium

Zr

Zirconium

Ru

Ruthenium

Pd

Palladium

Ag

Silver

Cd

Cadmium

In

Indium

Sn

Tin

Sb

Antimony

I

Iodine

Xe

Xenon

Cs

Cesium

Ba

Barium

W

Tungsten

Pt

Platinum

Au

gold

Hg

Mercury

Pb

Lead

Bi

Bismuth

Rn

Radon

U

Uranium

Pu

Plutonium

Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (highest to lowest)

Gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible spectrum, (ROYGBIV backwards), infrared, microwave, radio waves

Order of colors in visible light spectrum

red: 700 nm, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet: 400 nm (ROYGBIV)

Radio wave interaction with matter

- no interaction

Microwave interaction with matter

- gentle energetic nudge to cause molecular rotation
- (harmless to humans)

Infrared interaction with matter

- molecular vibration
- (bending and stretching of bonds at frequencies that match up well with IR radiation)

Visible spectrum interaction with matter

- electronic excitation
- (excite an electron enough to get it to move into a higher energy state)
- (first one to actually start interacting with actual electronic energy levels within the atom or molecule)

Ultra-violet interaction with matter

- ionizing radiation
- (electron is ejected and the result is ionization)
- (gentlest version of ionizing radiation)

X-ray interaction with matter

- ionizing radiation, even more so than UV
- (x-ray photons zip through matter and knock out electrons in a big way)

Gamma ray interaction with matter

- ionizing radiation, the most of any region on the electromagnetic spectrum
- (knocking out electrons, sometimes multiple electrons, and fragmenting molecules)
- (extreme my ionizing)

Four quantum numbers

n, l, ml, ms

n (principal quantum number)

energy level (1-7)

l (angular momentum quantum number)

- shape of orbital
- can go up to n-1
- s orbital = 0, p orbital = 1, d orbital = 2, f orbital = 3

ml (magnetic quantum number)

- all values between the ranges of -l to +l

mn (spin quantum number)

-1/2 or +1/2

Ammonium

NH4 +1

Hydroxide

OH -1

Nitrite

NO2 -1

Nitrate

NO3 -1

Sulfite

SO3 2-

Sulfate

SO4 2-

Acetate

CH3COO -1

Carbonate

CO3 2-

Phosphate

PO4 3-

Phosphite

PO3 3-

Perchlorate

ClO4 -1

Chlorate

ClO3 -1

Chlorite

ClO2 -1

Hypochlorite

ClO -1

Bromate

BrO3 -1

Iodate

IO3 -1

Permanganate

MnO4 -1

Peroxide

O2 2-

Cyanide

CN -1

Tera (T)

10^12

Giga (G)

10^9

Mega (M)

10^6

Kilo (k)

10^3

Milli (m)

10^-3

Centi (c)

10^-2

Micro (µ)

10^-6

Nano (n)

10^-9

Pico (p)

10^-12