AP Biology Unit 2 (Ch.6-7)

Name the membrane bound organelles unique to animal cells.

Lysosomes, centrosomes with centrioles, small temporary vacuoles

Name the membrane bound organelles unique to planet cells.

Cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

organisms of the domain Eukaryota (protists, fungi, animals, and plants)

Name all the commonalities between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

• Plasma membrane

• Semi fluid called cytosol or cytoplasm

• chromosomes that are able to carry genes that will code for proteins

• Ribosomes (protein makers)

What is the plasma membrane and what does it do?

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that act as a selective barrier, controlling the entry and exit of substances.

What is a cell wall and what does it do?

A rigid outer layer found in plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin), and some protists, providing structural support and protection (absent in animal cells)

What is a nuclear envelope and what does it do?

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus that contains nuclear pores that regulate the passage of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

What are Chromatin/Chromosomes and what does it do?

The genetic material (DNA combined with proteins) that stores instructions for cellular activities.

What is the nucleolus and what does it do?

A dense region inside the nucleus responsible for synthesizing ribosomal RNA and assembling ribosomes. (ball looking thing inside nucleus)

What is cytosol and what does it do?

The gel-like, aqueous fluid portion of the cytoplasm where many metabolic reactions occur.

What is cytoskeleton and what does it do?

A network of protein fibers: microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules that maintain cell shape, anchor organelles, and enable cellular movement

What is in the endomembrane system and what role does in play in the cell?

Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in cell.

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and what does it do?

A network of membranes studded with ribosomes that synthesizes and modifies proteins

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and what does it do?

A membrane network lacking ribosomes that synthesizes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates, and detoxifies drugs and poison

What is the Golgi Apparatus and what does it do?

A series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) that modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for transport. (post office analogy)

What is a Vesicles and Vacuole, name an example of a vacuole?

Membrane-bound sacs used for storage, transport, or digestion

Example: Central Vacuole- Large storage sac found in plant cells that maintains turgor pressure.

What is a Lysosome and what does it do?

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules and works best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome

What are Peroxisomes and what does it do?

Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane, it carry out oxidation reactions, breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful hydrogen peroxide, converting it to water

What is the Mitochondria and what does it do?

Mitochondria is double membraned and the site of cellular respiration, a metabolic process featuring folded inner membranes (cristae) that uses oxygen to generate ATP. (produce energy for the cell)

What is the Chloroplast and what does it do?

Double-membraned plastids containing chlorophyll and thylakoid membranes; the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae. (produce energy for the cell)

What is a Ribosome, What is the difference between bound and free ribosomes?

• Ribosomes are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein

• They carry out protein synthesis in two locations though they can be interchangeable: the cytosol (free ribosomes) and on the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

• Free ribosomes function inside the cell’s cytosol (metabolic enzymes, hemoglobin, or cytoskeleton)

• Bound ribosomes are destined for insertion into the cell membranes, packaging into organelles (like lysosomes), or export (secretion) out of the cell.

Explain the Endosymbiont theory

An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell and formed an endosymbiont relationship (provided for each other becoming mutually beneficial). The host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism>a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion/chloroplasts

Explain the difference between DNA’s location Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

..