Test 2 Identification Terms - Ancient History

First Punic War

Conflict between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 241 BC over Sicily.

Second Punic War

War from 218 to 201 BC between Rome and Carthage and features Hannibal's invasion of Italy.

Carthage

Ancient Phoenician city-state and Rome's primary rival in the Punic Wars.

provincia

Roman term for a conquered territory outside Italy governed by a magistrate.

Hannibal

Carthaginian general who famously invaded Italy during the Second Punic War.

Saguntum

Spanish city allied with Rome whose siege by Hannibal sparked the Second Punic War.

Fabius Maximus

Roman dictator who used delay tactics against Hannibal by cutting off supplies and wearing them down.

Cannae

Battle that led to major Roman defeat of the larger roman army by Hannibal in 216 BC.

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC and ended the Second Punic War.

Zama

Battle in 202 BC ending the Second Punic War.

Philip V

King of Macedon who fought against Rome in the Macedonian Wars.

Flamininus

Roman general who defeated Philip V at Cynoscephalae.

Cynoscephalae

Battle in 197 BC where Flamininus defeated Philip V.

Antiochus III

Seleucid king defeated by Rome at Magnesia.

Magnesia

Battle in 190 BC where Rome defeated Antiochus III.

Perseus

Last king of Macedon, defeated at Pydna.

Pydna

Battle in 168 BC where Rome defeated Perseus of Macedon.

Popillius Laenas

Roman ambassador who drew a "circle in the sand" around Antiochus IV to make him withdraw.

Corinth

Greek city destroyed by Rome in 146 BC.

Third Punic War

Final Punic War resulting in the destruction of Carthage (149-146 BC).

Scipio Aemilianus

Roman general who destroyed Carthage in 146 BC.

publicani

Roman public contractors and tax farmers.

Eunus and the First Slave War

Leader of the slave revolt in Sicily during the First Servile War.

Tiberius Gracchus

Tribune who proposed land reforms and was assassinated in 133 BC.

ager publicus

Public land in ancient Rome, often monopolized by the wealthy.

Marcus Octavius

Tribune who opposed Tiberius Gracchus and was deposed.

Attalus III

King of Pergamum who gave his kingdom to Rome when he died.

Gaius Gracchus

Reformist tribune and brother of Tiberius and was killed in 121 BC.

equites

Wealthy Roman equestrian class just below senators.

senatus consultum ultimum

Ultimate decree of the senate granting emergency powers to consuls.

optimates and populares

Two principal political factions in the late Roman Republic.

Gaius Marius

Roman general and consul known for military reforms and creating professional armies

novus homo

First man in his family to reach the Roman consulship.

Jugurtha

Numidian king who fought Rome in the Jugurthine War.

Cimbri and Teutones

Germanic tribes defeated by Marius after invading Roman territory.

Saturninus

Radical tribune allied with Gaius Marius but was stoned to death by a mob.

Marcus Livius Drusus

Reformist tribune assassinated in 91 BC, causing the Social War.

Social War

War between Rome and Italian allies demanding citizenship (91-88 BC).

Sulpicius Rufus

Tribune whose mobs sparked Sulla's to first march on Rome.

Mithridates VI

King of Pontus who fought multiple wars against Rome.

Sulla

Roman general and dictator who marched on Rome and used proscriptions.

proscriptions

Sulla's published lists of political enemies condemned to death without trial.

Pompey

Roman general, statesman, and member of the First Triumvirate.

Sertorius

Roman general who led a rebellion in Hispania against the Senate.

Spartacus

Thracian gladiator and former Roman soldier who led the Third Servile War.

Crassus

Wealthy Roman general and member of the First Triumvirate.

Lex Gabinia

Law granting Pompey extraordinary command to use against Mediterranean pirates.

Lex Manilia

Law granting Pompey supreme military command against Mithridates.

Cicero

Famous Roman orator, statesman, and consul during the Catilinarian conspiracy.

Catiline

Roman senator who led a failed conspiracy to overthrow the Republic.