AP Geo Unit 2B

Amnesty programs

Government policies that pardon people who entered or stayed in a country illegally and give them a path to legal status

Asylum seeker

A person who has fled their home country and asks another country for protection but has not yet been legally recognized as a refugee

Brain drain

large-scale emigration of highly skilled, educated, and trained professionals (such as doctors, engineers, scientists, and teachers) from a-sending country or region to a receiving country in search of better economic opportunities, higher pay, or political stability

Chain migration

Migration in which people follow relatives or friends from their home area to a place where earlier migrants have already settled

Counterurbanization

The movement of people from cities to rural areas, often to escape urban problems or seek a different quality of life

Circular migration

Repeated, regular movement of migrants between their home country and a destination country, often for seasonal or temporary work

Emigrant

A person who leaves a country to live in another one

Emigration

The act of leaving one's home country to settle elsewhere

Ethnic enclaves

Neighborhoods or districts in a city where a particular ethnic group clusters and maintains its own culture, businesses, and language

Family reunification

Immigration policy that lets people migrate to join close relatives who are already legal residents or citizens of the destination country

Forced migration

Movement in which people are compelled to leave by conflict, persecution, natural disaster, or other threats, rather than by choice

Geographic center (centroid)

The mean center of a population distribution, or the average location of all points in a region, used to track shifts in where people live

Gravity model of migration

A model predicting that the amount of migration between two places increases with their population sizes and decreases as the distance between them grows

Guest workers

Migrants who are allowed to stay in a country temporarily to fill jobs, usually without permanent residency or citizenship

Immigration

The act of entering a country with the intention of settling there

Internally displaced persons

People forced to flee their homes but who remain inside their own country's borders

Internal migration

Movement of people within the borders of a single country

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of a country to another, such as from the Northeast to the South

Intervening opportunity

A closer, more attractive destination that reduces the likelihood a migrant will continue on to a farther destination

Intraregional migration

Movement within a single region of a country, such as between cities or neighborhoods

Migration

A permanent or semipermanent move to a new location, usually across a significant distance

Migration transition model

A model showing how a country's dominant migration patterns shift as it moves through the stages of the demographic transition

Mobility

The ability to move from one place to another, or the number of movements people make over time

Net migration rate (NMR)

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a place, expressed per 1,000 people in the population

Periodic movement

Temporary, repeating movement that has a return trip, such as commuting, seasonal labor, or military service

Pull factor

A condition or feature of a destination that attracts migrants, such as jobs, safety, or freedom

Push factor

A condition in a place of origin that drives people to leave, such as war, poverty, or lack of opportunity

Quotas

Legal limits on the number of immigrants allowed to enter a country, often by country of origin

Refugee

A person forced to flee their country because of a well

Remittances

Money that migrants send back to family or communities in their home countries

Rural

any geographic region located outside of cities and towns that is characterized by open spaces

Step migration

Migration to a final destination through a series of smaller moves, such as from village to town to city

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of herders and livestock between lowland and highland pastures

Transnational migrants

Migrants who maintain strong social, economic, or political ties to both their home country and their new country

Undocumented immigrants

People living in a country without legal authorization, either because they entered illegally or overstayed a visa

Voluntary migration

Movement in which people choose to relocate, usually for economic, social, or personal reasons

Xenophobia

Fear or hatred of foreigners or people perceived as outsiders