Cells/ Integumentary System

Smallest unit of life, conditions present to earth today, living things are made of cells, multicellular organisms stick to each other

Parts of Cell Theory

Smallest unit of life

is the smallest function of life that we can see

Conditions present on Earth today

People do not know where cells derived from and only know the cell’s current conditions based on when they found them

Cells

What all living things are made up of

cells work together for communication

Why multicellular organisms stick together

Microscopy

the history of cytology is tied to the development of the microscope.

Light Microscope

Light passes through a living organism and is easy to prepare. Has the ability to disinguish between 2 objects

Transmission Electron Microscope

Beam of elections through a non living specimen and has to be prepared. can be powered up to 100,000

Scanning Electron Microscope

Electrons bounce off if the surface and allow 3D images to be created based off of the surface of the specimen

Cell Fragmentation

Studies cell phyisology; allows the cell to be seperated into various components to see which each part does

Radioactive Isotope labeling

Technque to get radioactives isotypes of various elements into a cell and then study how the cell uses that element

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

Basic cell structures

Plasma Membrane

sperates cell from its surrounding enviornment

Cytoplasm

thic gel-like substance housing numerous organelles in water cytosol with each organelle suited for particular substance

Water cytosol

what organelles are in

Nucleus

large membrane structure near the center of the cell

Surface area to volume ratio,less distance, finite amount of DNA

Why cells are small

With the environment at the membrane

Where and what cells exchange material

larger structures =

a volume increase that is faster than surface area

not enough SA for materials to be exchanged

What happens if the volume of the cell is too big

Importance of less distance in cells

Allows more chemical reactions to happen within the cell by increasing the likelyhood of collisions as well as more compartments for the cell

Finite amount of DNA for matabolism

The cell only has a certain amount of DNA it can hold and is only sufficient enough for the small area.

What DNA controls

production of proteins

phospholipids,glycoproteins, channel proteins, cholesterol, receptor proteins

Cell membrane components

Fluid mosaic model

Made by Signer and Nielsom; Ability to adapt for change and move around since the cell membrane is always changing

sheet

what the cell membrane is arranged in

laterally

in what way do molecules move in the membrane

Double phospholipid bilayer

primary structure of the cell membrane

Cholesterol

It is essential for the membrane and helps the membrane function at high temperatures

Channel proteins

Control the movement in and out of the cells

Glycoprotiens

has carbohydrates for surface idenitifying

receptor proteins

reacts to specific chemicals and causes a change within the cell as a response

Selectively permiable

Membrane has the tails that are hydrophobic, so it keeps certain charged molecules out but allows other materials to come in

Components of the cell membrane

cell surface marker, receptor protein, enzymes, and transport proteins

Handshake for the cell to tell what is happening to it

What the cell surface marker acts as

how cells get signals

Importance of Receptor proteins

Passive transport

No energy, low to high, equilibrium, and membrane channels

Major Histocompatibility System

what causes cell to be rejected due to the cell not recognizing what it is

gases and soluble molecules

What can pass through the membrane through passive diffusion

What membrane channels are used for

specific ions and water

carrier-facilitated diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, and filtration

Parts of passive transport

Carrier-Facilitated diffusion

Acts as the helper to guide the movement of the material through a channel. This is down a gradient is dependent on concentration and availability of carrier molecules

Why channels sometimes close

due to too much pressure down the gradient

Osmosis

The diffusion of water that moves down its concentration gradient

higher solute concentrations

Where the concentration gradient moves towards

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure from water movement; pressure from osmosis

0

Net movement of water in healthy cells

Tonicity

Ability of a solution in/out of a cell to change its shape

double distilled water

Ultimate tonicity

Isotonic

osmotic pressure the same on the inside and outside of the cell

Hypertonic

Osmotic pressure is higher in cell and moves out of the cell

Hypotonic

osmotic pressure is lower inside the cell and moves into the cell

hemolytic event

hypotonic is also referred to as

crenation

hypertonic is also referred to as

dialysis

form of diffusion in which the selectively permeable membrane separates large molecules from small particles

Kidney

What uses organ uses dialysis and filtration

filtration

passage of water and permeable solutes through a membrane by the force of hydrostatic pressure

hydrostatic pressure gradient

What small solutes move down

small and large solutes

What filtration seperates

capilaries

where filtration often happens in

aquaporin

open channel for water

blood pressure

what the kidney is dependent on

cell explosion, parts floating in blood stream, clumping, blood clots, not enough bood, and kidney failure

Process of the kidney failing due to the blood pressure

12 fold outside

Na+

0.0026 (39 fold) inside

K+

1500 fold outside

Ca++

29 fold outside

Cl-

endocytosis, exocytosis

Parts of active transport

Active transport

against the concertation gradient, opposite of diffusion, uses ATP

Action potential

All of the proteins in the cell open for the imbalance of ions to get in and has to reset for homeostasis

How carrier proteins work

bind to the cargo, change shape, and release it

energy

what pumps use

Endocytosis

plasma traps extracellular material and moves it into the cell

Phagocytosis

large particles engulfed within a vesicle and fuses with lysosomes to digest particles

Pinocytosis

fluid and the substances disolved in it enter the cell

endocytosis and exocytosis

how material enters or exits the cell without actually passing through the membrane

All hormones

exit the cell through exocytosis

exocytosis

Large molecule encloses itself and fuses to the plasma membrane to get expelled into the surrounding environment

protein transport

why cells expel large molecules for

Cytoplasm

where chemical reactions mainly happen also holds the nutrients for the cell’s function. Suspends the organelles by attaching to the cytoskeleton. CONSTSNTLY BEING CHANGED

ER

membranous walled flat sacks that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.

synthesis, modification, transportation

Responsibilities of the ER

Rough ER

Ribosomes drop off and spit out their protein production on this organelle and responsible for exporting the proteins to the Golgi body via motor proteins

Smooth ER

No ribosomes but synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates while also modifying toxins. Is also a important organelle for replacing the parts of the membrane

Smooth ER in liver cells

detoxifying poisons and storing Ca++

Ribosomes

Produced in the nucleus and start out as free organelles. Is made up of 2 subunits but comes together when the mRNA attaches to it and moves along by the codes.

Proteins for irregular use

What free ribosomes make

exporting proteins

When do Ribosomes only attach to the rough ER for

Golgi Apparatus

Produce microbodies and helps with the membrane structure. Modifies proteins from rough ER and ships them off to their designated area.

Lysosomes

Recycler; Contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest large items in the cell for the cell to use it.

pinched off golgi

Where lysosomes come from

Peroxisomes

It is a small membranous sack which contains enzymes that detoxify harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide

every living cell

What peroxisomes are in

to avoid cell death

Why it is important that Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Double membraned organelle that produces ATP. Only is able to take in pyruvate created from glycolysis. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes

95%

The amount of energy that the mitochondria provides for the cell

Nucleus

Contains the DNA, mRNA, and tRNA. It is also made with 2 parallel membranes with pores for the mRNA to leave the nucleus.

It would be broken down by lysosomes

Why DNA cannot leave the nucleus

Fit more DNA

Why DNA is loosely uncoiled in the nucleus

Cytoskeleton

Structure of the cell that can construct and deconstruct itself. It has rod-like proteins to allow movement within the cell and for mechanisms that can move cell parts