Unit 2 APHUG

Vocab (Unit 2)

Climate

The long-term average of weather conditions in a particular area.

Landforms

Natural features of Earth's surface, such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus.

Water bodies

Natural bodies of water, such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers.

Distribution

The arrangement or spread of people or phenomena across Earth's surface.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area of a region.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land.

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Carrying capacity

The largest population that an environment can sustainably support with its available resources.

Population pyramid

A graph that displays the age and sex composition of a population.

Demographic

Relating to the characteristics of a population, such as age, sex, fertility, and mortality.

Fertility

The actual production of children by women of childbearing age in a population.

Mortality

The occurrence or frequency of death in a population.

Birth rates

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Death rates

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality patterns.

Dependency ratio

The ratio of the economically dependent population (young and elderly) to the working-age population.

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

The percentage by which a population grows or declines in a year from the difference between birth and death rates, excluding migration.

Population-doubling time

The amount of time required for a population growing at its current rate to double in size.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing how birth rates, death rates, and population growth change as a country develops economically.

Epidemiological transition

The shift in the major causes of death from infectious and communicable diseases to chronic and degenerative diseases as a society develops.

Malthusian theory

The theory proposed by Thomas Malthus that population tends to grow faster than food supply, potentially causing famine, disease, and other checks on population growth.

Pronatalist

A policy or action that encourages people to have more children.

Antinatalist

A policy or action that encourages people to have fewer children.

Contraception

Methods used to prevent pregnancy.

Ravenstein's laws of migration

A set of principles describing patterns of migration, including that most migrants travel short distances, migration often occurs in steps, and economic factors are important causes of migration.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of changing residence.

Push factors

Conditions that encourage people to leave their current location.

Pull factors

Conditions that attract people to move to a particular location.

Intervening opportunities

Attractive opportunities that cause a migrant to stop or settle before reaching their intended destination.

Intervening obstacles

Physical, cultural, economic, or political barriers that make migration more difficult.

Forced migration

The movement of people against their will because of circumstances such as war, persecution, or natural disasters.

Slavery

A system in which people are treated as property and forced to work without freedom or payment.

Refugees

People who have been forced to leave their country because of persecution, conflict, or other serious dangers and seek safety in another country.

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

People who are forced to leave their homes but remain within their own country's borders.

Asylum seekers

People who have fled their country and are seeking legal protection as refugees in another country.

Voluntary migration

The movement of people by choice, usually to improve economic, social, or personal circumstances.

Transnational migration

Migration in which people move between countries while maintaining connections to more than one country.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock and the people who care for them between different pastures.

Internal migration

Migration that occurs within the boundaries of a single country.

Chain migration

Migration in which migrants follow others from the same family, community, or place of origin to a particular destination.

Step migration

Migration that occurs in stages, with migrants moving from one place to another before reaching their final destination.

Guest worker

A foreign worker who is allowed to live and work temporarily in another country.

Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from rural areas to cities or urban areas.