Physio Module 5

What are the major regions of the kidney?

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularis

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex derived from?

Mesoderm

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

Mineralocorticoid

Aldosterone

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

Glucocorticoids

Cortisol

What does the zona reticularis produce?

Androgens

DHEA and androstenedione

What is the adrenal medulla derived from?

Neuroectoderm

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

What does all adrenal corticosteroid hormones begin with?

Cholesterol

What is the first major step in steroidogenic pathway?

Cholesterol —> pregnenolone

via cholesterol desmolase (CYP11A1)

What is the second step in the steroidogenic pathway?

Pregnenolone —> Progesterone

via 3B-HSD

What does corticosteroid binding globulin carry? (CBG, transcortin)

Cortisol

Aldosterone

What dose thyroxin binding globulin carry? (TBG)

T4, T3

What does sex hormone-binding globulin carry? (SHBG)

Testosterone

Estrogen

What does albumin carry?

Most steroids

T4 and T3

What does transthyretin carry? (prealbumin)

T4

Some steroids

What is a major stimulant of glucocorticoid?

Stress

What primarily controls rate of secretion of aldosterone?

RAAS

Plasma K+

What controls zona fasciculata and cortisol?

HPA axis

What primarily controls zona reticularis and androgens?

HPA axis

What will a high dose of dexamethasone during a suppression test?

Suppress ACTH secretion caused by an ACTH-secreting tumor

What will a low dose of dexamethasone during a suppression test?

Suppress secretion of a normal functioning pituitary gland and adrenal gland

What actions and major effects do glucocorticoids and cortisol have?

Blood pressure

Blood glucose

Anti-inflammatory

Inc GFR

Dec REM sleep

What effect does cortisol have on muscle?

Protein breakdown —> amino acids

What effect does cortisol have on fat?

Lipolysis —> free fatty acids + Glycerol

What effect does cortisol have on liver?

Gluconeogenesis —> Glucose

What can cortisol be converted into?

Cortisone via 11B-HSD

What is the result of increased plasma K+?

Great increase of aldosterone

What is result of angiotensin II?

Great increase of aldosterone

What is the result of plasma Na+?

Very slight decrease of aldosterone

What is the result of ACTH?

Necessary for aldosterone secretion

What does RAAS stand for?

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Why is RAAS important?

Long term blood pressure regulation

What are the major actions of aldosterone?

Increase Na+ reabsorption

Increase K+ secretion

Increase H+ secretion

What disease results from hypercortisolism?

Cushing’s

What disease results from hypocortisolism?

Addisons

What disease results from hyperaldosteronism?

Conns syndrome

What is the treatment for Cushing’s?

Decrease ACTH production

Decrease adrenocortical cortisol secretion

What is Conns syndrome?

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Caused by aldosterone-secreting tumor

What kind of disease is adrenogenital syndrome?

Autosomal recessive

What is the adrenal medulla?

Large sympathetic ganglion

What percentage from adrenal medulla is epinephrine?

80%

What percentage from adrenal medulla is norepinephrine?

20%

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basale

What is the second deepest layer of the epidermis?

Spinosum

What is the third deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum granulosum

What is the fourth deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum lucidum

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

Which layer is not found in the epidermis of thin skin?

Stratum lucidum

What cells are found in stratum basale?

Melanocytes

What causes cyanosis?

Low oxygenation of hemoglobin

What can cause jaundice?

Liver disorder

What causes bronzing?

Addisons

What are bruises?

Clotted blood beneath the skin

Where are melanocytes made?

Melanosomes

What are Langerhans cells?

Antigen-presenting cells

What are the functions of Krause and Bulbls?

Low-frequency vibrations and movements

What are phasic receptors?

Rapidly adapting

What are tonic receptors?

Slowly adapting

What are Meissner corpuscles?

Rapidly changing

touch and pressure

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

Rapidly adapting

Vibration and deep pressure

What are Merkel corpuscles?

Slowly adapting

Touch and pressure

What are Ruffini corpuscles?

Slowly adapting

Skin stretch, tension, and twisting

What are free nerve endings?

Variable/slow

pain, temp, and mechanical

What is another name for Merkel cells?

Epithelial tactile cells

Where are Merkle cells located?

Stratum Basal

Where are Meissner corpuscles located?

Dermal papillae

fingertips

Where are Pacinian corpuscles located?

Deep dermis and hypodermis

What are the layers of the dermis?

Papillary

Reticular

What kind of incision in lines of cleavage will heal faster?

Parallel

What kind of secretion of sebaceous glands use?

Holocrine

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

Sebum

What do eccrine glands secrete?

True sweat

What do apocrine sweat glands secrete?

Specialized secretion associated with hair follicles

Where are eccrine glands found most?

Soles of feet

Palms

Forehead

What kinds of secretion do apocrine glands use?

Merocrine

Exocytosis

Which layers of skin are involved in a first degree burn?

Epidermis

Which layers of skin are involved in a second degree burn?

Epidermis + dermis

Which layers of skin are involved in a third degree burn?

Epidermis + dermis + subcutaneous