Chapter 4 (Zack)

Organic chemistry

study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds

Organic molecules

compounds built around a framework of carbon atoms, usually combined with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

What is the importance of organic molecules?

compounds built around a framework of carbon atoms, usually combined with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Valence electrons

how many electrons the atom has in its valence shell

Valence

How many electrons needed to be stable (closest to 0 or 8)

What leads to molecular diversity with organic molecules? 

Bonds, molecule size, molecule structure

Covalent bond

two atoms share an electron

Polar covalent

sharing electrons unequally, H2O for example 

Nonpolar covalent

the equal sharing of electrons, H2 for example

Single bond

1 electron being shared 

Double bond

2 electrons being shared

Triple bond

three electrons being shared

The more shared electrons…

the stronger the bond

Why are covalent bonds generally strong?

they are each holding onto shared electrons

Hydrocarbons

molecules with mostly C–C and C–H bonds 

Hydrocarbons have Nonpolar covalent bonds, and are hydrophobic 

What is a carbon skeleton?

The foundational chain, branch, or ring of carbon atoms that forms an organic molecule 

They vary in length, rings, branching, and double bond positions

Isomer

identical formulas (elements and number of each), 
yet different structures

Functional Groups

Hydroxyl (—OH), Carboxyl (—COOH) , Amino (—NH₂) , Sulfhydryl (—SH), Phosphate (—PO₄), Carbonyl (C=O), Methyl (—CH₃), Sulfate (—SO₄) 

Hydroxyl example and what is it?

it is alcohol an example is ethanol (alcohol)

Carboxyl examples and what is it?

an example is acetic acid, it is acid

Amino an example and what it is?

an example is glycine and it is an amino acid

Sulfhydryl example and what it is?

an example is cysteine and it is an amino acid

Phosphate an example and what it is?

an example is ATP and it is an energy molecule

Carbonyl example what it is?

an example is glucose and it is a sugar

Methyl an example and what is it?

an example is methane and it is a hydrocarbon

Sulfate an example and what it is?

an example is heparin and it is a sulfated carbohydrate/biomolecule

Adenosine triphosphate

energy currency of the cell

Describe the ATP cycle

Carbon and hydrogen for the main carbon backbone and side chain

COOH functional group

amino acid

NH2 functional group

amino acid