Module 2.3 Brain research and neuroimaging techniques T1U1

Mapping the human brain is based on locations of…

brain damage or brain stimulation that resulted in functional change

Who first practiced brain neuroimaging?

Italian physiologist Angelo Mosso (1846 - 1910)

When was neuroimaging first practiced?

Late 1800’s

How did Angelo Mosso practice neuroimaging?

By recording the pulsations of blood in the human cerebral cortex following medical procedures

What did Angelo Mosso conclude from recording pulsations in the cerebral cortex?

Blood flow to the brain increases during mental processing

What technique did Angelo Mosso create?

the “human circulation balance”.

Who created the “human circulation balance”?

Angelo Mosso

What is “human circulation balance”?

Allowed the researcher to determine how blood travelled through the brain as a person experienced a range of emotions or while undertaking cognitive tasks.

By early 1900’s, a brain imaging technique known as the _______ gained attention.

pneumoencephalograph

What does pneumoencephalography involve?

draining a patient of cerebrospinal fluid and replacing it with oxygen.

Why was pneumoencephalography done?

To allow researchers to obtain a clearer image of the brain using X-rays.

What does CT stand for?

Computed tomography

What is computed tomography’s abbreviation?

CT

When was computed tomography (CT) scan developed?

1972

What does MRI stand for?

Magnetic resonance imaging

What is the abbreviation for Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

MRI

When was Magnetic Resonance Imaging created?

1977

What does fMRI stand for?

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

What is the abbreviation of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

fMRI

When was the fMRI created?

1990

What’s the main difference between an MRI and fMRI?

MRI’s are used for the whole body, fMRI’s are used just for the brain.

What do CT scans, MRI’s, and fMRI’s do?

They allow sharper, clearer images of the brain and nervous system as well giving the ability to monitor and track mental processes in real time. They have given researchers a better understanding of which brain structures are activated during mental and motor activities.

What is the abbreviation of Electroencephalograph?

EEG

What is the full word for EEG?

Electroencephalograph

Break up the full word of EEG

Electro-en-ceph-alo-graph

When was electroencephalography created?

1920’s

Who created electroencephalography?

Hans Berger (1873 - 1941)

How did Hans Berger create Electroencephalography?

By wrapping two sheets of tin foil around his sons scalp and recorded a pattern of electrical activity in his sons brain.

In Hans Berger’s tin foil experiment which resulted in the creation of Electroencephalography, what did the tin foil serve as?

Electrodes

Hans Berger was the first to measure brain action and in real time. True or false?

True

What did the device created by Hans Berger get called?

EEG or Electroencephalograph

What happened to the Electroencephalograph (EEG) in the 1950’s?

Tin foil was replaced with small electrodes and hospitals began using the EEG to detect abnormalities in brain function caused by head injuries, epilepsy, and a range of other conditions.

How are Electroencephalograph’s (EEG) used today?

It detects, amplifies, and record electrical activity of the brain and displays this as brain waves, displayed on a computer.

What is a downside to the Electroencephalograph (EEG)?

It cannot show exactly what area of the brain is active

EEG’s are used for studies of consciousness and sleep, true or false?

True

What does PET stand for?

Positron emission tomography

What is the abbreviation for Positron emission tomography?

PET

What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

A technique based on blood flow in the brain by tracking a radioactive substance called a radiopharmaceutical or radionuclide or radioactive tracker that has been injected into a person’s bloodstream.