AICE Marine Science AS Level Unit 1

Number of protons is = to…

Number of electrons

Atoms are _____ charged

Neutrally

electrons in the first shell, __ in the second one, and __ in the third one

2, 8, 8

Electrons are…

negative

Protons are…

positive

Neutrons are…

Neutral

Motion of an electron

Orbit around the nucleus in shells

Bond within water molecules

Covalent

Hydrogen atom needs…

1 and has 1

Oxygen atom needs…

2 and has 6

Describe covalent bonding

Sharing of electrons; electron shells are not full. Hydrogen has 1 and needs 1 more to fill shell. oxygen has 6 and needs 2 more to fill outer shell. 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen makes 1 water molecule

Bonding within sodium chloride

Ionic bonding

Sodium…

Looses and electron and becomes positive

Chloride…

Gains an electron and becomes negative

How does sodium chlroride bonding occur

Opposite charges of ion attract

What structure it is formed within sodium chlroride

Lattice

Describe sodium chloride bonding

Chloride atom gains 1 electron becoming negatice, while sodium looses an electron becoming positive. Opposite charges of ions attract, forming a lattice structure

Salta found in sea water

1- Sodium Chloride= NaCI

2- Magnesium sulfate= MgSO4

3- Calcium Carbonate= CaCO2

Bond within water molecules

Hydrogen bond

Hydrogen atoms are ______ and oxygen atoms are ______

slighlty positive; sligthly negative

What causes polarity

Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen

Solvent action

A substance that dissolves the solute, where there is a constant breaking and reforming of hydrogen bonds

Density

Water in its solid states has a lower density than water in its liquid state; water expands when it freezes since its maximum number of hydrogen bonds are created; water molecules are spaced further apart in ice and since its less dense, it floars and contains a lattice structure

Water’s specific heat capacity

High specific heat capacity beacuse it can absorb a lot of heat energy before the temperature increases

Solute

Substance that dissolves in a solvent

Solvent

substance that dissolves a solute

polarity

inbalance of charges where oxygen is partially negative and hydrogen is slighlty positive.

Dissolution of sodium chloride in water

Water molecules are polar, which breaks down the sodium chloride ionic structure. Then sodium ion is attracted to the partially negative oxygen and the chloride ion is attracted to the partially positive hydrogen atoms; hydrogen bonding is a weak bond

Salinity

Concentration of dissolved salts in sea water

How to make salt usinf dalt and fresh water

Determine mass of salt that dissolves, which was measured using a balance. Then, dissolve the salt in a known volume of water, which was measured using a measuring cylinder.

Explain relationship between salinity and temperature

Becauseof an increase in kinetic energy, water molecules interact more frequently with salt ions

How to make salt using a stock solution

Use a stock solution of know concentration and dilute determined solution volume with known volume of fresh water

Processes that increase salinity by adding more saline water or removing pure water

Evaporation, freezing of sea ice, upwelling, and hydrothermal vents

Processes that decrease salinity by the adittion of pure water

Precipitaion, run-off, and meting of sea ice

Define pH

Measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions

Acid pH

pH under 7; higher concentration of hydrogen ions

Alkaline pH

pH over 7; lower concentration of hydrogen ions

Processes that decrease pH

Ocean acidification, precipitation, runoff, melting of sea ice

Precise way to measure pH

pH meter

Purpose of a universal indicator

Mix indicator with water sample and record the color change; it can only show if its an acid or alkali

Solubility of oxygen

Low solubility because gas does not interact well with water

Density formula

Mass / volume

Measuring a solid

Determine mass of salt that dissolves using a balance

Measuring a liquid

Usea a known volume of water, which was measured using a measuring cylinder

When liquid water freezes…

Water molecules lose kinetic energy, which allows the maximum number of hydrogen bonds to form between water molecules; these cause molecules to be further apart, making ice less dense

Ice floating and its benefits

Thermal insulator, prevents water below from freezing, predators/mammals can hunt from the platform, mammals can escape predators, birds can rest, and habitat for algae/phytoplankton on underside of ice

Define thermocline

Layer of water between the surface and deep water where temperature decreases rapidly with depth and warmer water is on the surface and colder water is below the thermocline.

Define halocline

A layer of water between the surface and deep water where salinity increases rapidly with depth. Less saline water is on the surface and more saline water is below the halocline. Saline rapidly increases and then remains steady.