Unit 1 Developmental Disabilities🧠

What is stigma?

A social process that marks, marginalizes, or devalues people or groups.

What does marginalize mean?

To treat someone as less important or outside the mainstream.

What is discrimination?

Unequal or unfair treatment based on a characteristic or identity.

What is intersectionality?

How multiple identities or disadvantages overlap and affect experiences.

What are Goffman’s 3 sources of stigma?

Physical deformity, character defect, and tribal exclusion.

What is a discredited identity?

A stigmatized identity that is already known or visible to others.

What is a discreditable identity?

A stigmatized identity that is not yet known or visible to others.

What is public stigma?

Negative attitudes, stereotypes, and judgments held by society.

What is internalized/private stigma?

When a person absorbs society’s negative beliefs about themselves.

What is affiliate stigma?

Stigma experienced because of a connection to someone who is stigmatized.

What is structural stigma?

Stigma embedded in laws, policies, organizations, institutions, or media.

Who developed the major framework for understanding stigma?

Erving Goffman.

What book is associated with Goffman’s stigma framework?

Stigma and the Management of the Spoiled Identity.

What is internalized oppression?

Adopting negative beliefs or attitudes directed toward one’s own group.

What is self-isolation?

Withdrawing from others, possibly because of shame or stigma.

How can stigma lead to discrimination?

Negative beliefs can produce unequal treatment, exclusion, or restricted opportunities.

What is structural discrimination?

Unequal treatment produced through systems, policies, laws, or institutions.

What is eugenics?

The belief in improving human genetics by controlling reproduction.

Why was eugenics harmful?

It justified discrimination, segregation, forced sterilization, and rights violations.

What did the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 authorize?

Compulsory sterilization of people labeled “feebleminded.”

What did Buck v. Bell (1927) uphold?

The Virginia Sterilization Act and compulsory sterilization.

Who was central to Buck v. Bell?

Carrie Buck.

What was the significance of Buck v. Bell?

It showed legal support for compulsory sterilization and eugenic discrimination.

What did the 1881 Chicago City Code illustrate?

Legal exclusion of people considered physically “unsightly” from public view.

What was institutionalization?

Placing people with disabilities in segregated institutions, often limiting autonomy.

What happened to state-run institutionalization over time?

It declined as society moved toward deinstitutionalization and community living.

How many people with developmental disabilities lived in state institutions in 1964?

194,640.

How many lived in state institutions in 2009?

32,909.

What is normalization?

Providing ordinary living conditions, opportunities, choices, and participation.

What is community living?

Supporting people to live, work, learn, and participate in their communities.

What was Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act?

A federal civil rights protection against disability discrimination in programs receiving federal funding.

What happened during the 1977 Section 504 sit-ins?

Disability advocates protested for enforcement of Section 504 regulations.

Where did the major 1977 Section 504 sit-in occur?

San Francisco.

What was the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) of 1975?

A law establishing educational rights and services for children with disabilities.

What did EHA later become?

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

What is IDEA?

A federal law providing educational rights and services for students with disabilities.

What is an IEP?

An Individualized Education Program designed to meet a student's educational needs.

What does FAPE mean?

Free Appropriate Public Education.

What is the least restrictive environment (LRE)?

Educating students with disabilities with nondisabled students as much as appropriate.

What are procedural safeguards?

Rights and protections that help parents and students participate in special education decisions.

What is mainstreaming?

Placing students with disabilities in general education settings when appropriate, with needed support.

What was Deaf President Now?

A 1988 student-led protest at Gallaudet University advocating for a Deaf president.

What was the Capitol Crawl?

A disability rights protest in which activists demonstrated at the U.S. Capitol for stronger disability rights legislation.

What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

A federal civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities.

What does ADA Title I cover?

Employment.

What employers are generally covered by ADA Title I?

Employers with 15 or more employees.

What is reasonable accommodation?

A change or adjustment that allows a person with a disability to perform a job or access an opportunity.

What is undue hardship?

A significant difficulty or expense that may limit an employer’s obligation to provide an accommodation.

What does ADA Title II cover?

State and local government services, programs, and activities, including public transportation.

What does ADA Title III cover?

Public accommodations.

What does ADA Title IV cover?

Telecommunications and relay services.

What does ADA Title V cover?

Miscellaneous provisions, including protection against retaliation and coercion.

What was Olmstead v. L.C. (1999)?

A Supreme Court case concerning the right of people with disabilities to receive services in integrated community settings when appropriate.

What was the issue in Olmstead v. L.C.?

Unnecessary institutionalization and the integration of people with disabilities into the community.

What was Atkins v. Virginia (2002)?

A Supreme Court case ruling that executing a person with intellectual disability violates the Eighth Amendment.

What is advocacy?

Efforts to promote rights, inclusion, equality, and access for people with disabilities.

What are examples of disability advocacy?

Sit-ins, protests, legal challenges, legislation, and public awareness efforts.

What is a developmental disability?

A severe, chronic disability involving intellectual and/or physical impairment that begins during the developmental period and substantially limits functioning.

When must a developmental disability generally begin?

Before age 22.

What is self-care?

The ability to manage personal needs such as hygiene and daily care.

What is receptive/expressive language?

The ability to understand and communicate information through language.

What is learning as a functional area?

The ability to acquire and use new information and skills.

What is mobility?

The ability to move around and navigate one's environment.

What is self-direction?

The ability to make choices and direct one's own activities and decisions.

What is independent living?

The ability to manage daily life with appropriate levels of independence.

What is economic self-sufficiency?

The ability to support oneself financially and manage economic needs.

What is an intellectual disability?

A developmental condition involving limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning.

What are the 3 criteria for intellectual disability?

Deficits in intellectual functioning, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset during the developmental period.

What are the three adaptive functioning domains?

Conceptual, social, and practical.

What are the four levels of intellectual disability?

Mild, moderate, severe, and profound.

What is mild intellectual disability?

The least severe level, involving limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning but generally allowing considerable independence with support.

What is moderate intellectual disability?

A level involving greater limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning and requiring more consistent support.

What is severe intellectual disability?

A level involving substantial limitations and requiring extensive support.

What is profound intellectual disability?

The most significant level of intellectual and adaptive limitations, requiring extensive support.

How is IQ typically measured?

Through standardized intelligence testing.

What are examples of tasks used in IQ testing?

Blocks, similarities, matrices, and digit span.

What is FASD?

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, a group of conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure.

What causes FASD?

Prenatal exposure to alcohol.

What are the four diagnostic factors for FASD in the notes?

Prenatal alcohol exposure, growth deficiency, facial abnormalities, and central nervous system abnormalities.

What are common facial characteristics associated with FASD?

Small head, thin upper lip, flat philtrum, short eye openings, low nasal bridge, and flattened midface.

What are the four conditions listed under FASD?

FAS, pFAS, ARBD, and ARND.

What areas can FASD affect?

Body, brain, behavior, cognition, emotion, and adaptive functioning.

Who may be part of an FASD diagnostic team?

A pediatrician/physician, occupational therapist, speech-language pathologist, and psychologist.

What is Down syndrome?

A genetic condition caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21.

What is trisomy 21?

Having three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two.

How many chromosomes do people with Down syndrome typically have?

47 chromosomes instead of 46.

About how common is Down syndrome according to the notes?

Approximately 1 in 800 live births.

What health condition is common in Down syndrome?

Congenital heart defects; the notes state about 50%.

What is a major risk factor for Down syndrome?

Older maternal age.

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

A genetic syndrome associated with low muscle tone, feeding problems, extreme hunger, and developmental/intellectual disabilities.

What does Prader-Willi syndrome cause in infancy?

Feeding problems and low muscle tone, sometimes described as a “floppy child.”

What happens to weight in many children with Prader-Willi syndrome?

Rapid weight gain can occur, especially around ages 1–6.

What is a major characteristic of Prader-Willi syndrome?

An obsession with food or extreme hunger.

What level of intellectual disability is associated with Prader-Willi syndrome in the notes?

Mild to moderate.

What are some behavioral characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome?

Behavioral outbursts and difficulties related to food and other behaviors.

What is Angelman syndrome?

A genetic condition associated with severe intellectual disability, speech impairment, jerky movements, and frequent laughter or smiling.

What are common characteristics of Angelman syndrome?

Severe intellectual disability, limited speech, jerky movements, and frequent inappropriate laughter or smiling.

What is Fragile X syndrome?

A genetic condition caused by a mutation involving the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.

What is the significance of Fragile X syndrome?

It is described in the notes as the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability.

What is Williams syndrome?

A genetic condition associated with cardiovascular disease, developmental delays, strong verbal skills, and an outgoing personality.