HEALTH EDUCATION

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cognitive learning theory

looks at an individual’s thought process. when learners ask questions and think aloud, they can begin to understand their own mental processes and in turn create better learning opportunities. this theory is used to encourage self-reflection so that reasoning can be better understood.

behavior learning theory

suggest that learning is influenced mostly by external forces, such as positive reinforcement. positive reinforcements make learners more likely to complete tasks, especially if incentives (praise or rewards) are involved. learner’s behavior is a response to an environmental stimulus.

social learning theory

asserts that learning happens by observing others. the idea is that when a specific behavior is modeled for the learner, depending on the consequences, the learner will either imitate or avoid that behavior. takes into consideration how both cognitive and environmental factors interact to influence learning and behavior.

experiential learning theory

tells us that learning comes from experiences. proposes that learners retain and recall information more when they are hands on and get to participate in real world experiences

transformative learning theory

suggests that learners can change the way they think once they have new information. learner in this theory is called on to reflect upon previous experiences and critically evaluate their perspective, which my lead to a transportation into their thinking.

humanistic learning theory

describes learning as a holistic process. educator serves as a facilitator of leaning and provides an environment that is conductive to learning, preferably one that is seen as a safe space. students have the freedom to learn about subjects they are interested in and to self evaluation. retention of knowledge is not used to evaluate the learner, which then allows the leaner to be open without fear of rejection or ridicule.

visual learners

need to be able to see content. photos, models, and video presentations best support these learners. taking notes to review later may also be helpful.

auditory learners

learn best by listening. the learning of these individuals is set supported by having access to recorded info that they can readily listen to and being able to read aloud and talk through the info.

tactile-kinesthetic learners

learn best via a hands-on approach. these learners prefer activities that are engaging and require practice and application of what they have learned.

cognitive domain

domain of learning that focuses on how an individual thinks and the development of knowledge and intellectual skill.

affective domain

domain of learning that involves a learner’s feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and values; focuses on how a learner’s values evolve. ex: someone with hypertension may value the taste of salty snacks, but after learning about how sodium affects their blood pressure, salty snacks may fall lower on the list of things they value.

psychomotor domain

domain of learning that involves the use of sensory-motor skills. involves the ability to perform a skill that was learned and involves and gross motor skills as well as autonomic responses and reflexes. ex: a person with insulin-depended diabetes drawng up insulin in a syringe correctly. gives the educator the opportunity to evaluate what the student has learned.

health belief model (HBM)

a conceptual framework that is used to determine an individual’s motivation to make health related changes. can also be used to help determine if an individual believes that the changes they make will prevent or alleviate an illness or disease. involves an individual’s own perceptions of an illness or disease, modifying factors (age, gender, race, SES), and likelihood to take action, which is determined by the individuals perception of the benefits they will reap and their perception of the barriers that prevent them from acting. does not consider an individual’s self-efficacy.

health promotion model (HPM)

seeks to determine an individual’s motivating factors to engage in healthy behaviors, and it targets an individual’s interaction with their physical and interpersonal environments in an attempt to improve health. acknowledges the benefit of disease prevention and early detection and treatment. also recognizes that a person’s motivation to engage in healthy behaviors is influenced by whether they feel it will lead to their desired outcome and if they have self-efficacy. can be divided into 3 categories (individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes).

transtheoretical model

outlines the stages of making a change, with an individual going from not taking action to taking action. involves precontemplation (not considering making a change), contemplation (individual is thinking about making a change within the next 6 months), preparation (steps are taken to get ready to take action), action (person has made a change for less than 6 months), and maintenance (individual has remained consent for more than 6 months).

culture care theory (CCT)

a theory of nursing that is used to provide culturally congruent care. it is not possible to separate an individual’s culture from their care; consideration must be given to a person’s culture when providing care and health education. nurse should make an effort to learn about different cultures, especially those that are predominant in their organization’s charge.

health literacy

an individual’s ability to obtain, understand, and make health related decisions for themselves. those at risk for a poor amount of this are older adults, those with lower education levels, those with language barriers, those in low SES’, and the medically underserved. improving this can involve using plain language, identifying clients who have low levels of this and providing supplemental teachings methods, and asking clients to “teach back” learned materials. nurse can also speak slower, limit the amount of content taught at once, and repeat vital points.