Chapter 10: Black Americans

The new black immigrants come from areas where __________.

A) their race is the majority

B) a bipartite color system prevails

C) color is a primary factor in group life

D) Africans are partially assimilated and socially restricted

A) their race is the majority

Opponents of slavery reparations argued that __________.

A) unlike other reparation payments, no victims are alive today

B) the statute of limitations has not expired

C) identifying descendants of slaves is meaningless even with racial self-identification

D) no real harm was done to the African slaves in the long run

A) unlike other reparation payments, no victims are alive today

Racism emerged as an ideology __________.

A) after slavery began in the United States

B) sometime in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

C) during the sectional rivalry in the early nineteenth century

D) only in the twentieth century

B) sometime in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Myths about Black racial inferiority __________.

A) began with the ancient Egyptians

B) originated in Africa to discourage the slave trade

C) emerged as a rationalization for U.S. slavery

D) were rejected by slave owners who knew Blacks worked hard

C) emerged as a rationalization for U.S. slavery

Looking at the TV news about inner-city black adolescents' delinquency problems, John thinks that blacks are the cause of social problems in the US. This is an example of __________.

A) overt racism

B) the subtlety of racism

C) institutional racism

D) external prejudice

B) the subtlety of racism

What was the difference between other ethnic groups and African immigrants in the U.S. during the years of slavery?

A) Neither other ethnic groups nor African immigrants could re-create in miniature the society they left behind.

B) The South made educating black slaves and other ethnic groups a criminal offense.

C) Through hard work and perseverance, African immigrants were able to overcome nativist fears and prejudices.

D) 200 years of master-slave relations shaped values and attitudes about whites and blacks that still linger today.

D) 200 years of master-slave relations shaped values and attitudes about whites and blacks that still linger today.

The __________ had implications far beyond slavery as it produced a system which replicated social inferiority throughout generations.

A) master-slave social system

B) racial reparations

C) creation of African American ethnic enclaves

D) Jim Crow laws

A) master-slave social system

The principle of "separate but equal" was __________.

A) upheld by the Supreme Court in 1896

B) struck down by the Supreme Court in 1896

C) recommended by President Lincoln

D) created by Congress in 1896 with passage of the Plessy-Ferguson Act

A) upheld by the Supreme Court in 1896

The gradual and pervasive change in the values of people is known as __________.

A) value shift

B) cultural drift

C) cultural differentiation

D) value evolution

B) cultural drift

Myrdal called the intensification of discrimination resulting from Jim Crow laws __________.

A) exponential pathology

B) cumulative causation

C) behavioral rigidity

D) societal racism

B) cumulative causation

Jim Crow Laws __________.

A) caused a massive migration of blacks to the southern states

B) reflected southern states' embracing the notion of separate but equal upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson

C) meant that segregation became the norm only in limited areas in the South

D) were common in northern states in the form of poll tax laws

B) reflected southern states' embracing the notion of separate but equal upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson

In the early twentieth century, the migration of southern blacks to the North was due mostly to __________.

A) the existence of Jim Crow laws and poor economic conditions in the North

B) better educational opportunities in the North

C) more political freedom in the South

D) religious persecution in the South

A) the existence of Jim Crow laws and poor economic conditions in the North

In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan spread northward and __________.

A) added Jews, Catholics, and foreigners to its list of targets

B) focused on the urban blacks who had migrated from the South

C) were ignored by almost everyone

D) seized control of several state legislatures

A) added Jews, Catholics, and foreigners to its list of targets

In 1954, the landmark desegregation order covered __________.

A) schools only

B) transportation only

C) any public establishment

D) any form of segregation, including housing

A) schools only

Since the mid-1960s, the number of elected black officials has __________.

A) increased slightly

B) increased dramatically

C) decreased slightly

D) decreased dramatically

B) increased dramatically

The measurable impact of the massive civil rights legislation was its __________.

A) changing of people's attitudes

B) creation of the welfare system

C) provision of equal life opportunities for African Americans

D) exclusion of Native Americans

C) provision of equal life opportunities for African Americans

The 1960s sit-ins and freedom rides are examples of which minority response pattern?

A) Avoidance

B) Defiance

C) Deviance

D) Self-justification

B) Defiance

The 1980s Miami riot __________.

A) was black versus Asian

B) was caused by black resentment against the Cuban community

C) was about protesting the war in Vietnam

D) lasted for 13 years

B) was caused by black resentment against the Cuban community

The 1992 Los Angeles riot __________.

A) was a black versus white riot like the 1965 Watts riot

B) did not involve Latinos

C) was a black versus white and Korean riot

D) was a multiracial riot with various conflict combinations

D) was a multiracial riot with various conflict combinations

The National Commission on Civil Disorders said a major cause of the 1960s riots was/were __________.

A) police practices

B) low unemployment

C) the rise of affordable housing

D) religious persecution

A) police practices

The Bell Curve says the best explanation of wealth, status, poverty, and social pathologies is __________.

A) education

B) intelligence

C) occupation

D) work ethic

B) intelligence

Critics attack the Bell Curve for its __________.

A) selective use of data

B) poorly trained scientists

C) use of graduate students as analysts

D) conflict of interest with regard to funding

A) selective use of data

The major criticism against using intelligence testing to compare the capabilities of races is __________.

A) the presumption that genetic factors explain differences in scores

B) the presumption that cultural factors explain differences in scores

C) no significant or consistent differences in scores occur

D) whites outnumber blacks, giving them an unfair advantage

A) the presumption that genetic factors explain differences in scores

Language may subconsciously encourage racial prejudgment __________.

A) if people use nasty words

B) because if you hear words, you believe them

C) of the negative connotations of some

D) of their frequent repetition

C) of the negative connotations of some

What percentage of Latino voters did Obama receive in 2012?

A) 7%

B) 20%

C) 52%

D) 71%

D) 71%

Today, many African Americans still lack __________.

A) basic services and amenities

B) educational opportunities

C) legal rights

D) political representation

A) basic services and amenities

Blauner's "internal-colonialism" refers to __________.

A) the rise in tenement housing

B) the large number of African Americans trapped in ghettos

C) racial pride

D) a negative mindset found in Blacks

B) the large number of African Americans trapped in ghettos

Population movement since 1960 from inside to outside central cities __________.

A) involved few African Americans

B) reduced the percentage of African Americans living outside central cities

C) kept the proportion of African Americans living outside central cities fairly constant

D) resulted in most African Americans living outside central cities

D) resulted in most African Americans living outside central cities

Segregation for Blacks has __________ over the last 20 years.

A) increased

B) decreased

C) remained the same

D) been impossible to measure

B) decreased

In terms of income, which group has benefited most from all the civil rights actions?

A) Black poor

B) Black middle class

C) Both the black poor and the black middle class

D) Neither the black poor nor the black middle class

B) Black middle class

Black men are more likely than white men to be employed as __________.

A) high school principals

B) university professors

C) food-service workers

D) sanitation workers

C) food-service workers

Analysis of the age distribution of American blacks and whites shows __________.

A) blacks have a larger percentage of young people

B) whites have a larger percentage of young people

C) a fairly even age distribution between the two races

D) both blacks and whites are experiencing a new "baby boom"

A) blacks have a larger percentage of young people

The black middle class __________.

A) has earnings that are comparable to the white middle class

B) has businesses that are more susceptible to failure because of government intervention

C) still endures various forms of racism

D) is increasingly returning to Africa

C) still endures various forms of racism

Wilson maintains that denial of upward mobility to the black poor results from __________.

A) social class barriers that limit life chances

B) racial discrimination

C) cutbacks in government support programs

D) job competition from Hispanic immigrants

A) social class barriers that limit life chances

What percentage of blacks believe that major conflicts still exist between the races?

A) 47%

B) 35%

C) 75%

D) 53%

D) 53%

Immigration from Haiti will likely __________.

A) continue for a long time

B) be limited in number and duration

C) surpass that from Mexico

D) eliminate all problems related to poverty

African-born Americans tend to __________ than American-born African Americans.

A) be better educated

B) have lower income levels

C) own their homes in lower numbers

D) be more represented in popular media

A) be better educated

__________ constitute the largest non-Hispanic immigrant population from the Caribbean.

A) Haitians

B) Jamaicans

C) Cubans

D) Kenyans

B) Jamaicans

__________ are routinely denied refugee status in the United States.

A) Haitians

B) Jamaicans

C) Cubans

D) Kenyans

A) Haitians

Immigration from Africa __________.

A) is virtually nonexistent

B) is down to a small trickle

C) has been steadily declining since European colonial rule ended

D) has been significantly increasing in recent years

D) has been significantly increasing in recent years

African immigrants and black Americans __________.

A) identify with each other because of the racial bond

B) seldom interact because of the cultural differences

C) are alike, since both are African Americans

D) come into frequent conflict with one another

B) seldom interact because of the cultural differences

Native-born blacks __________.

A) rarely face racial issues in their social acceptance

B) raised in the Northeast tend to differ in lifestyles and interaction patterns compared to those from the South

C) are pretty homogenous as a group

D) are completely integrated into society

B) Raised in the Northeast tend to differ in lifestyle and interaction patterns compared to those from the South

According to the interactionist view, __________.

A) skin color often triggers negative responses about busing, crime, housing, jobs, and poverty

B) oppression of blacks is the result of American capitalists' exploitation

C) the question of who benefits is the most significant issue in black-white relationships

D) slavery provided cheap labor in the South as a social function

A) skin color often triggers negative responses about busing, crime, housing, jobs, and poverty

The interactionist view on the experiences of African Americans stresses that __________.

A) beliefs about a people are culturally transmitted and reinforced by external conditions

B) differences or alleged inferiority lead to class differentiation

C) the opposition to integration efforts usually comes from a fear of how social roles and institutions will be altered

D) slavery provided cheap labor in the South as a social function

A) beliefs about a people are culturally transmitted and reinforced by external conditions

With regard to ethnic inequality, the functionalist view suggests that __________.

A) inequality exists in all societies because of distinct ethnic mentalities

B) in a society, a value consensus develops about the functional importance in meeting the needs and priorities of society

C) slavery offered the south an effective means of finding a consensus between whites and blacks

D) ethnic differences are really just a struggle for class status and social position

B) in a society, a value consensus develops about the functional importance in meeting the needs and priorities of society

While Aaron does not condone slavery, as a(n) __________ theorist, he understands that it served a purpose by allowing the Southern states to develop an agricultural based economy.

A) functionalist

B) conflict

C) interactionist

D) critical race

A) functionalist

Although she recognizes that slavery happened generations ago, Shilene cannot help but see the connection between the long term economic exploitation of labor and current inequalities. She is a(n) __________ theorist.

A) functionalist

B) conflict

C) interactionist

D) critical race

B) conflict

According to the conflict view, __________.

A) social status of blacks depends on the functionalist orientation of the society and the availability of qualified personnel

B) inequality exists because people value certain occupational roles

C) system corrections such as federal judicial and legislative action occur when there are social dysfunctions

D) slavery is an obvious example of past economic exploitation of blacks

The conflict view on the experiences of African Americans stresses that __________.

A) compared to the era of slavery, more recent economic exploitation of blacks may be even more obvious

B) confining blacks to marginal positions preserved better-paying job opportunities for Hispanics

C) Blauner's internal-colonialism theory is appropriate for understanding the racial oppression of blacks

D) slavery creates a meaning system that develops among slaves to communicate with one another in the presence of the dominant group

C) Blauner's internal-colonialism theory is appropriate for understanding the racial oppression of blacks

Karl believes that racism is so interwoven into the fabric of U.S. society that our culture literally is sustained by a system of racism. Karl is a(n) __________.

A) functionalist

B) conflict theorist

C) interactionist

D) critical race theorist

D) critical race theorist

True or False) Most Africans who arrived in America from 1619 until 1808 immigrated unwillingly.

True

True or False) To ease their transition to a new land, other ethnic groups re-created in miniature the society they left behind; but the Africans who came to the Unites States were not allowed to do so.

True

True or False) Some ancient civilizations considered themselves superior to others, and they typically based their beliefs on race.

False

True or False) Although popular in the 19th century, today the Ku Klux Klan is considered a relic from the past.

False

True or False) Although African Americans found greater freedom in the North, the dominant group's animosity toward them led to majority patterns of avoidance and discrimination.

True

True or False) Rosa Parks' refusal to sit at the back of the bus eventually led a federal district court to rule against segregated seating.

True

True or False) The 1992 Los Angeles riot was between blacks and whites.

False

True or False) Barack Obama's victory has lessened the scope of the race problem.

False

True or False) The widest gaps in education for blacks occur in the Southern states that were the strongholds of slavery.

False

True or False) Bipolarization refers to the economic gap among blacks only.

False

Some black leaders have lobbied for slavery reparations, arguing that if President __________ had not stripped the freed slaves of the land given them by General William Tecumseh Sherman under Special Field Orders No. 15, their descendants might now control a much larger share of U.S. wealth. Proponents seek cash payments now to right an old wrong.

Andrew Johnson

The problem with racism is twofold: its __________ and its subtlety. The missing term here refers not only to racism's institutionalization within society but also to its transmission from one generation to the next.

The 16th and 17th centuries were the period of European exploration and __________, during which Europeans came into contact with many physically different, less technologically advanced peoples.

imperialism

__________ is a gradual and pervasive change in a people's values.

Cultural drift

When Reconstruction ended in 1876, blacks once again found themselves in a formalized inferior status through segregation laws, voting disfranchisement, __________ (state laws designed to keep blacks in subservient positions), job discrimination, and occupational eviction.

black codes

The South had __________ segregation, but Jim Crow—as a cause of black migration and a model for northern attitudes and actions—played an important role in the development of __________ segregation in the North.

de jure, de facto

__________ of 1964 was the most far-reaching legislation against racial discrimination ever passed.

The Civil Rights Act

The word __________ rather than Negro became the accepted way of referring to this racial group in the 1970s.

black

Blauner's __________ certainly applies to the segment of the black population that is trapped in a culture of poverty.

internal-colonialism theory

__________ occurs when laws attempt to legitimize differential racial treatment.

Institutional racism