SOCIOLOGY FINAL UNITS I-II

Reification

Thinking something happens naturally when it is actually not

Social Facts and theorist

Aspects of society that shape individual actions/studying people as things; Durkheim

Organic Solidarity and theorist

Society is a biological organism with different functional parts; Durkheim

Social Constraints and theorist

Social facts limit what a person does; Durkheim

Anomie and theorist

Aimlessness and despair from modern social life as social norms lose hold of individuals; leads to suicide; Durkheim

Marx's prediction about capitalism

It would fall to socalism; a society without a wealth gap

Marx class conflict

Capitalists exploit proletariats

Marx primary focus

Social-material relations

“The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” author and subject

Weber; Puritanism led to capitalism

Symbolic Interactionism definition and proponent

Symbols and language are central to human interaction and humans look for them; Mead

Functionalism

Social events described/explained by their contribution to society

Ethnography

Firsthand account by immersion into the field of study

What not to do in an ethnography

Go native

Survey's advantage over an ethnography

Standardization

Historical Culture of Poverty researchers

Lewis and Moynihan

Impression management/dramaturgy and coiner

Goffman; Presentation according to situation/roles/status/social position

Three types of capital

Social, human, cultural

McDonaldization (4 components) and coiner

Efficiency, calculability, predicability, control; Ritzer

Bureaucracy and theorist

Hierarchal structure with full-time, salaried officials; Weber

Conformists

Most people; strive for cultural goals in an acceptable way

Merton's Five

Conformist, ritualist, innovator, retreatist, and rebel.

Ritualist

Following rules for the sake of rules; losing underlying values

Innovators

Achieve cultural goals through illegal/illegitimate ways

Retreatists

Rejecting cultural values and means of achieving them

Rebels

Retreatists who substitute new goals and means

Ethnomethodology and creator

Study of how people understand meaning in basic conversation; Garfinkel

Breaching Experiments and who did them

Garfinkel; show hidden norms by violating them

Kuznets Curve and if it was right

Capitalism makes inequality increase, then decrease, then stabilize (right for his time but wrong now)

Subtractive Acculturation and what it causes

Too much acculturation decreases life chances; downward mobility

Surplus Value and Theorist

Marx - Net income for work after paying workers; exploitation

Repercussions of social-material transitions

Objectification, commodification, alienation, and anomie

Greed and Legitimation Theorist and Theory

Habermas; Capitalism continues even though it is messed up. Legitimation comes from government lies.

Abstracted Individual

A person is only known for their individual differences; they have no group markers

Equal Pay Act Date

1963

Human Capital Theory Limits

Comparable worth (equal pay for equal work) limited by glass ceiling

Pay Differential Between Men and Women

Women earn 80% of what men earn

Glass Ceiling

Promotion barrier for women

Glass Elevator/Escalator and Theorist

Hetero white men get promoted more in female-dominated jobs; Williams

Ethnicity

Distringuishing cultural norms/values associated with power/wealth variation

Race

Social construct based on phenotype and ancestry

Racialization

Race impacts life-chances

Ethnic Switching and example

Change label of race/ethnicity for gain; Native Americans did this when laws gave benefits to that group

Symbolic Ethnicity and Theorist

Claim to ethnic heritage without social cost; Gans

Prejudice vs Discrimination

Ideas vs behaviors towards a certain group

Real/Non-Real Conflict and Theorist

Anger directed at source vs functional safety valve theory (anger not directed at source); Coser

Single Melting Pot and Theorist

Everyone will eventually become one group (abstracted individual); Zangwill

Triple Melting Pot and Theorist

Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish people were accepted in America (PCJ Thesis; Herberg)

1965 Significance and what it led to

Immigration Act: Abolishment of NOQA and preference for high-skilled labor and family of US citizens - led to the model minority thesis

Assimilation and theorist

Group differences replaced with individual differences; Park