115 Chapter 4: Child Speech Sound Disorders

Functional speech sound disorder

All systems are structurally normal and cause is unknown

Organic speech sound disorder

Disorder is caused by an observable structural/physical difference

Phonological processing

Involves mental representation of the sound

Motor Planning

Creating a plan for what muscles need to move and how

Motor Execution

Actually moving the muscles

Articulation-based disorders

Errors are considered motor-based; difficulty producing one or a few sounds, but no clear pattern

Phonology-based disorders

Deficit in phonological representation of sounds; pattern-based

Fronting

Back sounds are produced at front of mouth

Cluster reduction

Consonant clusters reduced to just one consonant

Stopping

Fricatives or affricatives replaced by stop consonant

Cheiloplasty

Surgical repair of the cleft lip; close the cleft with minimal scarring to create a natural appearance and support facial development

Palatoplasty

Surgical repair of the cleft palate; close the cleft for normal palatal function during eating, drinking, and speaking

Glottal stop

Voiced stop consonant produced at the glottis (vocal folds)

What makes up the velopharyngeal port?

Velum, lateral pharyngeal walls, and posterior

Velopharyngeal Dysfunction

Velopharyngeal closure problem that results in increased hypernasality and nasal air emission during speech

Hypernasality

Increase in resonance in the nasal cavity