BIO 2050 Quiz 2 (Roots, Plant forms, Secondary growth,

ground tissue

Interfasicular cambium were ________ at one point

procambia

Fasicular cambia are just matured _____

eustele

Most stems with secondary growth have a _______

wood

Secondary xylem

inner bark

Secondary phloem

vascular

The _______ cambium produces the wood and secondary

phloem

fascicular

The vascular cambium forms from the _______

cambium in the bundles

ray parenchyma

Interfascicular cambium forms from the primary ____

_________

Amphivasal

Arrangement of vascular tissue where a strand of phloem is surrounded by xylem

diffuse

Palms ____ secondary growth

divides

Palms diffuse secondary growth

• ground tissue _____

• Yucca, dracaena - Secondary growth thickening meristem

• Amphivasal

thickening

Yucca, dracaena: Secondary growth, _______ meristem

pine

Rays of _____:

• Parenchyma

• Tracheids

pinus

Tracheids in _____ wood always have bordered pits

bordered

Tracheids in pinus wood always have ____ pits

tracheids

Axial regions of pinus wood are compromised solely of ______

Rays

(Pinus wood)

• ____ have parenchyma and short tracheids

uniseriate

Pinus wood:

• Rays are one cell wide (_____)

softwoods

Pines and other conifers are termed “_____” because they lack fibers

fibers

Pines and other conifers are termed “softwoods” because they lack _____

emboli

The pits of pine tracheids have borders and a margo and torus to limit the spread of _____

pits

The ____ of pine tracheids have borders and a margo and torus to limit the spread of emboli

conifers, ginkgoes

The margo and torus is a trait of _____ and _____

margo, torus

The _____ and _____ is a trait of conifers and ginkgoes

gymnosperms

Most groups (other than _____) do not have the margo and torus in their bordered pits

pine

If you look at a microscope slide and see the circles (bordered pits) it is most likely _____

Bordered pits

____ ____ are why conifers live in places where it freezes and is super dry

• They’re protected from having air bubbles

fibers

In order for something to be hardwood it has to have ____ (being hard does NOT make it hardwood)

hardwood

In order for something to be _____ it has to have fibers (being hard does NOT make it ______)

Ring porous

_____ _____ wood:

• Occurs only in plants with vessels (usually flowering plants)

vessels

Ring porous wood:

-Occurs only in plants with ____ (usually flowering plants)

• The “pores” are the _____

• Note the difference in the cell wall thickness between early wood and late wood fibers

Flowering plants

______ plants have both tracheids and vessel elements in their xylem

Angiosperms

Flowering plants

fibers

Ring porous wood:

Flowering plant woods are “hardwoods” because they have _____

Ring porous

A type of hardwood where the trees have larger pores (vessels) in the early wood than in the late wood

vessels

Pores in hardwood trees =_____

Axial

____ regions:

-Hardwoods have fiber

• Vessels for transport

• May have tracheids (some do some don’t)

• Parenchyma, too

tracheids

Axial regions:

-Hardwoods have fiber

• Vessels for transport

• May have _____ (some do some don’t)

• Parenchyma, too

parenchyma

Rays are made up of _____

early, late

Diffuse porous wood:

Difference in fiber walls between ____ and ____ wood

diameters

Diffuse-porous wood:

Notice that all of the vessels have similar ______

wet

Plants with diffuse-porous wood may live in very ______ environments

tropics

Plants with diffuse-porous wood may live in very wet environments

• Some in the _____

• Water availability changes little with seasons

seasons

Plants with diffuse-porous wood may live in very wet environments

• Some in the tropics

• Water availability changes little with ______

fiber

Diffuse porous wood:

Water availability barely changes with the seasons but the _____ cell wall thickness changes with season

thickness

Diffuse porous wood:

Water availability barely changes with the seasons but the fiber cell wall ____ changes with season

horizontally

Longitudinal (radial) section:

• The rays are running _______

fibers

Longitudinal (radial) section:

• The majority of the cells are _____

Protoplast

Cytoplasm + cell membrane

conducts

The younger wood that actively _____ water and nutrients is termed “sapwood”

sapwood

The younger wood that actively conducts water and nutrients is termed “_____”

heartwood

The older wood that no longer functions in transport, but still functions in support is termed “______”

secondary

Heartwood:

Contains ______ compounds (nonphotosynthetic) that kill the living cells and prevent decomposition

non-photosynthetic

Heartwood:

Contains secondary compounds (_______) that kill the living cells and prevent decomposition

kill

Heartwood:

Contains secondary compounds (nonphotosynthetic) that _____ the living cells and prevent decomposition

Heartwood:

Contains secondary compounds (nonphotosynthetic) that kill the living cells and prevent decomposition

tyloses

Heartwood:

Often has ______ that block the vessels to prevent movement of sap

vessels

Heartwood:

Often has tyloses that block the _____ to prevent movement of sap

Tyloses

Bladder/balloon like growths on parenchyma cells that extends to dead xylem vessels (in woody plants)

not

Heartwood does _____ conduct

• Now nonfunctional in that way

• Its function is now to protect

Heartwood

______ does not conduct

• Now nonfunctional in that way

• Its function is now to protect

protection

Heartwood does not conduct

• Now nonfunctional in that way

• Its function is now ______

vessels

Tyloses bulge into _______

block

Tyloses ____ the vessels

vessels

Tyloses block the _____

sap

Heartwood:

• Often has tyloses that block the vessels to prevent movement of ____

heartwood

What happens when a tree does not produce ______?

• The trunk is hollow

• The nonfunctional xylem decays due to consumption by fungi, bacteria, and invertebrates

hollow

What happens when a tree does not produce heartwood?

• The trunk is _____

• The nonfunctional xylem decays due to consumption by fungi, bacteria, and invertebrates

xylem

What happens when a tree does not produce heartwood?

• The trunk is hollow

• The nonfunctional ____ decays due to consumption by fungi, bacteria, and invertebrates

habitat

What happens when a tree does not produce heartwood?

-The trunk is hollow

• Actually can be good ____ for animals

Forms

Reaction wood:

• ______ in leaning branches, roots, and other organs

Functions

Reaction wood:

• _____ in repositioning of organs, or creating stresses for structure

repositioning

Reaction wood:

• Functions in ______ of organs, or creating stresses for structure

Compression wood

Reaction wood:

• The type of reaction wood that forms in gymnosperms

lignified

Reaction wood:

• Compression wood is in conifers; the lower side of the branch grows more and is more _______ than the upper side. The wood “pushes” the organ

Tension wood

Reaction wood:

• The type of reaction wood that forms in angiosperms

softwoods

Gymnosperms are _____

hardwoods

Angiosperms are ______

gelatinous

Reaction wood:

• Tension wood forms in some flowering plants; the upper side of the branch usually grows more (not always) and _____ fibers are produced. The wood “pulls” the organ

pushes

Reaction wood:

• Compression wood is in conifers; the lower side of the branch grows more and is more lignified than the upper side. The wood “_____” the organ

pulls

Reaction wood:

• Tension wood forms in some flowering plants; the upper side of the branch usually grows more (not always) and gelatinous fibers are produced. The wood “_____” the organ

gelatinous fibers

Reaction wood:

Tension wood in Angiosperms has______ ______

compression

Reaction wood:

Conifers and gingkoes produce _____ wood

tendrils

Some ______ have gelatinous fibers

not

Sieve cells do _____ have sieve plates

sieve plates

Sieve cells do not have _______ ______

Albuminous

Secondary phloem:

Sieve cells do not have sieve plates

• Only have sieve areas

• _____ cells

vascular cambium

Secondary phloem:

• Produced on outside of _______ ______

primary

Secondary phloem has the same cells that you find in _____ phloem

Phloem

_____ is made up of sieve cells and albuminous cells, that are in the rays

inside, outside

Secondary phloem:

-Bifacial vascular cambium

• xylem ____

• phloem _______

xylem, phloem

Pine Secondary Phloem:

• Much more secondary ____ is produced versus secondary _____

secondary

Pine ______ Phloem:

The ________ phloem has only sieve cells in the axial regions

retained

Pine Secondary Phloem:

• In a young stem the cortex is _______

cortex

Pine Secondary Phloem:

• In a young stem the _____ is retained

Axial

Pine Secondary Phloem:

• ______ regions in pine only have sieve cells

rays

Pine Secondary Phloem:

• Albuminous cells are in the ______

bark

Secondary phloem=inner ______

phellogen

Bark:

Cork cambium=______

phellem

Cork (outside of bark)=______