Hubs 2nd Exam

Urinary Tract Obstruction

Blockage of urinary flow from renal calyces to urethra, caused by various factors like kidney stones, compression, narrowing, reflux, or prostatic hypertrophy.

Acute Kidney Injury

Sudden decline in kidney function leading to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalance, caused by decreased GFR, elevated creatinine, oliguria, and BUN elevation.

Prerenal AKI

Impairments in renal blood flow before reaching the kidney, often due to hypovolemia, hemorrhage, or cardiac dysfunction, leading to the most common type of AKI.

Intrarenal AKI

Kidney abnormalities causing AKI, such as interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, or glomerulonephritis.

Chronic Kidney Disease

Long-term and irreversible nephron destruction, commonly caused by diabetes, hypertension, or unresolved AKI, leading to various symptoms like edema, anemia, and hypertension.

Obesity

Excess adipose tissue mass, measured by BMI, waist circumference, skin fold thickness, or waist to hip ratio, associated with respiratory complications and various health risks.

Superficial Burns

Burns affecting the epidermis, causing pain, rapid healing, pink color, and capillary refill, with no involvement of deeper tissues.

Full Thickness Burns

Deep burns involving all skin layers, leading to no pain due to nerve destruction, requiring excision and grafting, with significant scarring and long healing time.

Alcohol Metabolism

Process involving alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme converting alcohol into acetaldehyde and acetate, eventually eliminated from the body.

Respiratory Acidosis

Condition with pH below 7.35 due to reduced breathing or CO2 trapping, caused by COPD, medications, brain injury, or lung diseases, leading to symptoms like headache and coma.

Hypernatremia

Elevated sodium levels above 145mmol/L, caused by water loss or sodium gain, resulting in symptoms like increased thirst, muscle twitching, seizures, and hypertension.

Shock

Occurs when cardiovascular system fails to perfuse tissues adequately, leading to cellular metabolism impairment, with types like cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, and septic shock.

Respiratory Distress

Involves managing antimicrobial therapy, controlling infection source, fluid resuscitation, inotropes, vasopressors, cardiorespiratory support, and ventilation.

Anaphylactic Shock

Characterized by airway constriction, peripheral ooedema, swelling of lips, tongue, and throat, hives, itching, headache, loss of consciousness, and abdominal cramps.

Neurogenic Shock

Presents with low blood pressure, bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, and hypotension due to damage to the nervous system and widespread vasodilation.

Management of Anaphylactic Shock

Involves removing the allergen, administering IM adrenaline, fluid management, antihistamines, and corticosteroids.

Management of Neurogenic Shock

Includes fluid management and vasopressors to address the low blood pressure and other symptoms.