Linear Models

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Last updated 6:33 PM on 10/16/26
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20 Terms

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Linear model

Describes an outcome using predictors

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lm()

Fits a linear model

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Outcome variable

What the model explains

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Predictor (covariate)

Variable used to explain the outcome

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Formula notation

Outcome ~ predictors

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~

"Is modelled by"

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Outcome ~ 1

Intercept-only model

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Intercept

Predicted outcome when predictors are 0

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Intercept with no predictors

The mean

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Is the intercept the x-intercept?

No, where line meets the y-axis

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Model prediction

Value the model expects

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Residual

Observed minus predicted

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Residual in intercept-only model

Value minus the mean

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Residuals centred on

Zero

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lm() assumes residuals are

Normally distributed

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Is lm() a normal distribution?

No, it assumes normal errors

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Error term

Random variation the model does not explain

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confint()

Gives confidence intervals for a model

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Frequentist

Gives interval for the mean only

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Bayesian

Estimates mean and SD with intervals