Latin America Midterm multiple choice

When did the Spanish conquistadors first arrive on the Hispaniola island, in the Americas?

1492

What years comprise the colonial era in Latin America?

1521-1821

During which period did Latin American gain independence from the European empires?

~1804-1824

What did the 1823 Monroe Doctrine say?

U.S. warns European powers to not interfere in the region in order to make way for U.S. expansionism and regional dominance (Basically don’t mess with them because we going to use them)

When was the second wave of global decolonization?

Post WW2, mid 1900s

What was the Good Neighbor policy?

enacted by FDR to improve diplomatic relations, establish non-interventionism and mutual defense, and maintain peace and economic stability with Latin America.

Withdrew troops from Niagara, Haiti, and Cuba.

When was the Good Neighbor policy?

1933-1945

What is the Iran-Contra affair?

U.S. illegally selling arms to Iran in order to fund the contras to fight against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua

When was the Iran-Contra affair?

1980s

According to Mignolo, what is the relationship between modernity and coloniality?

Both are European perspectives and coloniality shapes and is shaped by the processes of modernity

How is Fanonism different from/similar to Marxism?

Marxism is European, Fanonism is Non-European. Both align with producing a decolonial shift in the domain of knowledge and action.

What is the “colonial wound?”

Generational trauma. Feeling inferior because you do not fit into the European-American models.

What is the “darker and hidden face of modernity?” (the foundation of modernity?)

Genocide and displacement of Indigenous and African people.

From which country did Cuba gain its independence in 1898?

Spain

In a sentence or two, write about how “Latin America” got its name.

They were all formerly colonized by Latin speaking countries, and are below the brandt line.

In a sentence or two, write about the difference between “colonialism” (or “colonization”) and “coloniality” (or “neo-colonialism”)

Colonialism is more focused on take over/military power over others, meanwhile coloniality is more focused on economical power over others.

What are the names of the two global financial organizations (with headquarters in

Washington, D.C.) that gave loans to Bolivia in the 1990s?

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank

What was one of the conditions of the loans with respect to the formerly Bolivian state-owned industries like water, electricity, telecommunications, and mining (and because of which the people protested)?

They must privatize formerly state-owned industries

In which year did Cuba gain its independence from Spain?

1898

In which year did José Martí write “Nuestra América”?

1891

In which year did José Martí die?

1895

What’s the name of a well-liked Cuban song, popularized by Celia Cruz, based on a text by José Martí?

Guantanamera

Against which Central American country did Sam Zemurray take New Orleans mercenaries to mount a coup d’ état?

Honduras

In which year did the coup take place?

1911

What was the name of Zemurray’s corporation?

United Fruit Company

When did Pablo Neruda write “La United Fruit Co.”?

1950

Which country was Neruda from?

Chile

In which month, day, and year, did the CIA-backed coup against the democratically elected Salvador Allende take place?

1973 Sep 11 in Chile

In 1928, 25,000 UFC workers went on strike. Why did they go on strike and what was the catastrophic result?

Demand better labor conditions and rights, 1000 workers were killed

When was the CIA-backed coup in Guatemala?

1954

How did Dwight D. Eisenhower’s administration’s interests overlap with the United Fruit Company’s in carrying out the coup?

Reverse reforms

Which U.S. agency helped carry out an illegal coup d’état in Guatemala against a

democratically elected president in the mid-20th century?

CIA

When did Guatemala’s civil war start and end?

1960-1996

Name one way the U.S. contributed to the genocide

Counterintelligence and training of soldiers.

On what grounds was Ríos Montt indicted, and subsequently convicted, in 2012?

Genocide and crimes against humanity

In what year did the massacre happen? (Blood of Martyr)

1989

In which Central American country did the massacre happen?

El Salvador

Who was killed and why?

6 priests and 2 women, they were important figures who wanted change and they were critics.

What was the name of the university?

UCA (Central American University)

In what year was The Hour of the Furnaces made?

1968

Where does the title come from?

Jose Marti quote

In a sentence, what is Third Cinema?

Latin American Film movement that shows more real/less fake stories focusing on less popular genres unlike Holywood which has the goal of making money.

Name one of the goals of Third Cinema

Liberation of oppressed, makes viewers reflect on situations.

What are the last names of the two directors of The Hour of the Furnaces?

Solanas and Getino

Which Caribbean country was Fanon from?

Martinique

In which African war did he participate (to gain independence from the French colonizers)?

Algerian War of Independence

Che Guevara fought alongside Fidel Castro to take over Cuba from its dictator. That same revolution would spark the rise of the global left during the so-called countercultural decade. In which year did Cuba’s revolution take place?

1953-1959

When was Che Guevara assassinated?

1967

According to Guevara, the non-aligned countries struggle against imperialism, colonialism, and…?

neo-colonialism

What years spanned the transatlantic slave trade?

1500-1900

When was slavery banned in Mexico?

1829

Which president banned slavery in Mexico?

Vicente Guerrero

What are area studies? (Definition, examples, etc.)

analyze different geographical areas of the world in the context

of the anti-communist Cold War (More broad than ethnic studies)

interdisciplinary (social sciences & humanities): anthropology, archaeology, biology,

economics, history, literature, psychology, sociology, etc.

• African studies, American studies, Asian studies, European studies, Latin American

studies, Middle East studies, etc.

• Related fields: women’s studies, gender studies, disability studies, LGBTQ+ studies

What are ethnic studies? (Definition, examples, etc.)

study identity (race, ethnicity, nation, sexuality, gender,

etc.) and power in U.S.

African American (Black) studies, Chicano studies, Jewish studies, Latinx studies,

Native American studies, etc.

What are cultural studies? (Definition, examples, etc.)

U.S. and British cultural studies (1950s and 1960s), Latin American cultural studies

(1980s and 1990s)

an interdisciplinary academic field that examines how meaning, power, and identity are created, challenged, and shared through everyday life (like how a symbol becomes a sport)

Name an author from the Latin American essay tradition of the 19th and 20th centuries

Jose Marti

What does the Global South mean?

Below brandt line (Basically 3rd world/poor countries)