chem 14c

constitutional isomers

same molecular formula but different connectivity

stereoisomer

same connectivity but a different arrangement of their atoms in space

enantiomers

stereoisomers that are non super-imposable mirror images

E isomer

highest priority groups on opposite sides of a double bond (diagonal)

Z isomer

highest priority groups on the same side of the double bond

conformational isomer

rotation in the single bonds (staggered to eclipsed or vice versa)

sp3 atomic orbitals

3 p orbitals & 1 s orbital hybridize into 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals

sp2 atomic orbital

3 p orbitals & 1 s orbital hybridize into 3 sp2 orbitals WITH 1 unhybridized p orbital

sp atomic orbital

1 p orbital & 1 s orbital hybridize into 2 sp orbitals WITH 2 unhybridized p orbitals

cis

same side (dashed)

miso compound

contains an internal plane of symmetry that makes it superimposable on their mirror image, achiral

trans

opposite side (wedged)

diastereomer

stereoisomers that are not enantiomers (not mirror images)

ARIO - A

atom, the negative charge is on a more electronegative or larger atom

ARIO - resonance

delocalized through resonance

ARIO - induction

decreased by the inductive effect, anions may be stabilized by the polarization of electron density through covalent bonds by electron withdrawing substituents

ARIO - orbital

in a orbital with more s character (sp2 is preferred over sp3, sp is preferred over sp3 and sp2)

shielded

lower energy

deshielded, electronegative atoms pull electron density away from

higher energy

strong acid (more acidic acid)

it’s conjugate base is stable, meaning its low energy, and an overall weaker base

levorotatory (-)

rotates clockwise

dextrorotatory (+)

rotates clockwise