Cheek Bio 1 Exam 3 Vocab

Carbonic anhydrase

Enzyme that helps convert CO₂ and water into carbonic acid/bicarbonate

Guard cells

Cells controlling opening/closing of stomata

Stomata

Pores where gases enter/leave leaves

Calvin cycle

Reactions that use CO₂, ATP, and NADPH to make G3P

Pigment

Molecule that absorbs particular wavelengths of light |

Photosystem I

Photosynthetic complex that uses light to re-energize electrons |

Photosystem II

Photosynthetic complex that uses light to excite electrons and obtains replacement electrons from water

Carbon fixation

Incorporation of CO₂ into an organic molecule

G3P

Three-carbon sugar produced by the Calvin cycle |

Rubisco

Enzyme that fixes CO₂ to RuBP

Free energy

Energy available to do useful work

Exergonic

Releases free energy; ΔG < 0

Endergonic

Requires free energy; ΔG > 0

Catabolism

Breaking molecules down

Anabolism

Building molecules

Activation energy

Energy needed to start a reaction

Active site

Part of enzyme where substrate binds

Substrate

Molecule acted on by an enzyme

Catalyst

Substance that speeds a reaction

Enzyme activity

Rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Competitive inhibitor

Competes with substrate for active site |

Allosteric inhibitor

Binds away from active site and changes enzyme shape

G1

Growth/normal cell functions |

S phase

DNA replication

G2

Preparation for cell division

Mitosis

Nuclear division

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm

Centrosome

Organizes microtubules/spindle

Centromere

Region joining sister chromatids

Chromosome

DNA molecule containing genetic information

Chromatid

One copy of a replicated chromosome

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and spindle forms

Spindle fiber

Microtubule involved in chromosome movement

Centriole

Structure associated with centrosomes in animal cells

Prometaphase

Nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle attaches

Kinetochore

Protein structure where spindle attaches

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in middle

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

Telophase

New nuclei form

Adaptation

Heritable trait that increases reproductive success

Acclimatization

Individual's adjustment to environmental change

Conformer

Internal condition changes with environment

Regulator

Maintains internal condition despite environment

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions

Insulin

Decreases blood glucose

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose

Ectotherm

Body heat largely comes from environment

Endotherm

Generates substantial internal heat

Convection

Heat transfer through moving fluid

Conduction

Heat transfer through direct contact

Radiation

Heat transfer through electromagnetic radiation

Evaporation

Heat loss when water becomes vapor

Osmolarity

Concentration of dissolved particles