Unit Four anatomy lecture

what is referred pain?

when organs hijack other nerve innervations rather than having their own

peridontitis:

inflammation of peritoneum

greater omentum/epiploon:

curtain of specialized fat over intestines

folded peritoneum

holds onto intestines as they move and digest food

what is the function of the stomach?

Storage and digestion/ reservoir and blender

what is the function of the pancreas?

makes and secretes hormones to regulate blood sugar and makes and secretes digestive enzymes

What is the function of the liver?

filters blood and removes toxins, produces bile, stores excess glucose, makes plasma protiens

fights invaders in blood and helps recycle iron and blood cell

spleen

what is the purpose of the small intestine?

chemical digestion, absorption of water and nutrients and minerals

what is the function of the large intestine?

concentrates stool by dehydrating what remainsand absorbs water and electrolytes.

function of gall bladder?

stores bile

function of kidney?

maintains fluid balance, excretes waste, and produces hormones

function of adrenal gland?

produces steroid hormones, and adrenaline

Which organ stores urine?

urinary bladder

where is the liver

RUQ

where is the gallbladder

RUQ

where are the kidneys

upper quadrants

where is the spleen?

LUQ

where is most of the stomach

LUQ

where is the appendix?

RLQ

Passes up the right side of the vertebral column, through the aortic hiatus; connects the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava, drains most of the right intercostal veins

azygos vein

Which structure transports most of the body's lymph and empties into the left subclavian vein?

thoracic duct

Which organ is located posterior to the posterior parietal peritoneum and is considered retroperitoneal?

kidney

hepato-

liver

cholecysto-

gallbladder

phreno-

diaphragm

nephro-

kidney

epiplo-

omentum/epiploon

What are the anterior and posterior landmarks used to define the abdominal quadrants?

Umbilicus/ intervertebral disc between L3 and L4

What causes referred pain to the right scapula, and what condition does it indicate?

Irritation of the diaphragm/liver/gallbladder (often due to cholecystitis / gallstones).

what passes through the aortic duct besides the aorta

thoracic duct

What does the inguinal ligament connect, and what is its significance?

Connects the anterior superior aliac spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle; forms the boundary between the pelvis and lower extremity.

deep inguinal ring:

Opening in the transversalis fascia.

superficial inguinal ring:

Opening in the external fascia/aponeurosis.

What structures make up the spermatic cord in males?

Testicular artery/vein, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the vas deferens.

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

• Contracts and relaxes to adjust the position (and temperature) of the testes in the scrotum for optimal sperm maturation

what is the role of the azygos vein perform?

it collects low oxygen blood and drains it into the superior vena cava

A surgeon is deciding between laparoscopic surgery and a larger abdominal incision. which trade-off best describes the approaches?

Laparoscopy uses small incisions and usually aids in healing, but procedures are longer and lack tactile feedback.

A patient needs an ostemy because the affected section of bowel is near the begining of the large intestine, where the ilium joins it. which procedure best matches that location?

an ileostomy

mesentery:

a structure that holds the small intestines as they move and digest

what does bile do?

emulsifies fats for digestion

Which artery supplies the small intestine and much of the large intestine, including the ascending colon and transverse colon?

superior mesenteric artery

Why does nutrient-rich blood from the intestines travel through the hepatic portal vein to the liver before returning to the heart?

The liver can process and store absorbed nutrients, including glucose as glycogen.

A kidney transplant is placed in the lower abdominal or pelvic area. Which vessels are commonly used to connect it to the recipient’s circulation?

The external iliac vessels.

A student follows blood returning from the left gonad toward the inferior vena cava. Which route is described?

The left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein, then the inferior vena cava.

What is the primary role of the azygos venous system?

It drains posterior thoracic and abdominal blood into the superior vena cava.

Which location is most typical for a colostomy?

left side

The esophagus passes through the diaphragm with which associated nerve, according to the described arrangement?

the vagus nerve

colo-

large intestine

A clinician identifies pain in the right upper quadrant. Which group of organs is located there?

The liver, gallbladder, and head of the pancreas

A patient has pain associated with the appendix. Which abdominal quadrant is the appendix located in?

The right lower quadrant