Ch. 3 Study Guide: Health, Wellness, and Health Disparities

Flashcards based on Chapter 3 Study Guide covering key concepts of health, wellness, health disparities, prevention levels, human dimensions, illness behaviors, and nursing models.

What are the four main goals of the nursing profession?

To promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and help people cope with illness, disability, or death.

How does the World Health Organization (WHO) define health?

Complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

What is the distinction between disease and illness?

Disease is a medical term for a pathologic change in body or mind structure or function diagnosed by a provider, whereas illness is the person's own response to a disease, which is the nurse's primary focus.

How do morbidity and mortality differ?

Morbidity is how often a disease occurs (illness rate), while mortality is the number of deaths from a disease.

What are the four processes in Dunn's high-level wellness model?

Being (recognizing yourself as separate and individual), Belonging (being part of a whole), Becoming (growing and developing), and Befitting (making personal choices that fit your future).

How do both Dunn's model and the health-illness continuum characterize health?

They both view health as dynamic (always changing), rather than fixed or passive.

What are the four characteristics of a chronic illness?

It is a permanent change; causes or is caused by irreversible anatomical and physiological changes; requires special patient education for rehabilitation; and requires a long period of care or support.

What is the difference between remission and exacerbation in a chronic illness?

Remission occurs when the disease is still present but symptoms are gone, whereas exacerbation occurs when symptoms return or worsen.

What percentage of deaths from the 5 leading causes of death could be prevented?

$20\text{--}40\text{\%}$ of deaths from each cause could be prevented.

Which conditions are classified under 'deaths of despair'?

Suicide, drug poisoning, and alcoholic liver disease.

What are Suchman's 4 Stages of Illness Behavior in order?

Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms; Stage 2: Assuming the sick role; Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role; Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation.

What are the '4 Rs' associated with the precontemplation stage of behavior change?

Reluctance, rebellion, resignation, and rationalization.

How are health disparity and health equity defined?

A health disparity is a health difference closely tied to social, economic, or environmental disadvantage. Health equity is the highest level of health for all people.

How does equity differ from equality in health care?

Equality means giving everyone the exact same thing, while equity means giving each person what they specifically need to thrive and reach the same opportunity.

What are the 6 human dimensions represented by the mnemonic PEISES?

Physical, Emotional, Intellectual, Environmental, Sociocultural, and Spiritual.

A student experiencing diarrhea before an exam is an example of which human dimension?

The Emotional dimension (how the mind affects the body and responds to body conditions).

What components make up a person's self-concept?

Self-esteem (how you feel about yourself) and body image (how you see your physical self).

What are the 6 major risk factor areas summarized by the mnemonic 'A GPHLE'?

Age, Genetic, Physiologic, Health habits, Lifestyle, and Environment.

What is the difference between modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors?

Modifiable risk factors are behaviors a person can change (e.g., smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol), whereas nonmodifiable risk factors cannot be changed (e.g., age, genetics/family history, sex, race).

What is the primary goal of primary prevention, and what are key examples?

The goal is to prevent disease or injury before it starts and promote health. Examples include immunizations, seat belts, child car seats, education on diet/exercise, smoking cessation, and poison-control information.

What is the goal of secondary prevention, and what are key examples?

The goal is screening for early detection and prompt diagnosis and treatment. Examples include blood pressure screening, mammograms, Pap smears, scoliosis screening, and vision/hearing exams.

What is the goal of tertiary prevention?

To reduce disability and rehabilitate the patient to maximum function after a disease or illness has been diagnosed and treated.

In primary prevention, what must the nurse do prior to teaching a patient?

Talk with the patient about their health risks and what those risks mean to assess their beliefs.

What three individual perceptions form the core of Rosenstock's Health Belief Model?

Perceived susceptibility ('Will I get it?'), perceived seriousness ('How bad would it be?'), and perceived benefits of action ('Will doing this help, and is it worth the cost/barriers?').

Which model attributes disease to the interaction of an external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment?

The Agent-Host-Environment Model developed by Leavell & Clark.

What are the five stages of change in the Prochaska & DiClemente model?

1. Precontemplation, 2. Contemplation, 3. Determination (preparation), 4. Action, 5. Maintenance (relapse, recycling).

What are the 5 levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs, starting from the base?

1. Physiologic, 2. Safety and security, 3. Love and belonging, 4. Self-esteem, 5. Self-actualization.

Which human physiologic need is considered the most essential?

Oxygen.

What are the 5 functions of a family represented by the acronym PERAS?

Physical, Economic, Reproductive, Affective and coping, and Socialization.

What does each letter in the ISBARQ hand-off communication tool stand for?

I = Introduction, S = Situation, B = Background, A = Assessment, R = Recommendation, Q = Question and answer.

At what point in patient care does discharge planning begin?

At admission.

What sequence of actions must a nurse take if a competent patient leaves against medical advice (AMA)?

Inform the patient of the risks, notify the provider, have the patient sign a witnessed release form, and document the event in the medical record.

What happens to the original medical record when a patient is transferred to a long-term care facility?

The original medical record stays at the hospital as a legal document; only a copy is sent to the facility.

How is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) defined in nursing?

A problem-solving approach to clinical decisions that blends the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences for the best patient outcomes.

What are McLemore's 'SPLIT' tools for addressing health equity?

Simulation, Public health, Leading, Immersion, and Tension.