UE ROM

shoulder flexion

pt position: standing or sitting with the arm relaxed at the side; forearm neutral

goniometer axis: lateral aspect of humeral head

stationary arm: lateral midline of trunk

moving arm: midline of lateral humerus

norm: 170°

shoulder extension

pt position: standing, sitting or prone

goniometer axis: lateral aspect of humeral head

stationary arm: lateral midline of the trunk

moving arm: lateral midline of humerus

norm: 60°

shoulder abduction

pt position: standing or sitting, with the arm relaxed at the side; forearm supinated

goniometer axis: posterior or anterior aspect of humeral head

stationary arm: perpendicular to floor and parallel to trunk

moving arm: posterior or anterior midline of humerus

norm: 170°

internal rotation

pt position: prone with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90°; anterior humerus supported on plinth

goniometer axis: olecranon

stationary arm: perpendicular to floor

moving arm: midline of ulna

norm: 70°

external rotation

pt position: supine with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90°; posterior humerus supported on plinth

goniometer axis: olecranon

stationary arm: perpendicular to ceiling

moving arm: midline of ulna

norm: 90°

elbow flexion

pt position: standing or sitting, with arm against side and forearm supinated

goniometer axis: lateral epicondyle

stationary arm: lateral midline of humerus

moving arm: lateral midline of radius

norm: 0°-150°

elbow extension

pt position: standing or sitting, with arm against side and forearm supinated

goniometer axis: lateral epicondyle

stationary arm: lateral midline of humerus

moving arm: lateral midline of radius

norm: 0°-150°

forearm supination

pt position: standing or sitting, with elbow flexed to 90° and stabilized against lateral trunk; forearm neutral

goniometer axis: adjacent to distal medial ulna

stationary arm: perpendicular to the floor (ensure that humerus is against trunk and perpendicular to floor)

moving arm: lying against volar aspect of distal radius/ulna (just proximal to ulnar head)

norm: 80°

forearm pronation

pt position: standing or sitting, with elbow flexed to 90° and stabilized against lateral trunk; forearm neutral

goniometer axis: adjacent to distal dorsal ulna

stationary arm: perpendicular to the floor (ensure that humerus is against trunk and perpendicular to floor)

moving arm: lying against dorsal aspect of distal radius/ulna (just to ulnar head)

norm: 80°

wrist flexion

pt position: sitting with the forearm resting in pronation on tabletop or forearm support; hand elevated or off the table; fingers relaxed

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal wrist over capitate (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: directly against midline of dorsal forearm

moving arm: directly against dorsal 3rd metacarpal

norm: 80°

wrist extension

pt position: sitting with the forearm resting in supination on tabletop or forearm support; hand elevated or off table; fingers relaxed

goniometer axis: adjacent to volar wrist

stationary arm: directly against midline of volar forearm

moving arm: adjacent to colar 3rd metacarpal through web space between ring and middle finger

norm: 70°

wrist radial deviation

pt position: sitting with the forearm resting in pronation on tabletop or forearm support; wrist neutral; hand elevated or off table; fingers and thumb relaxed

goniometer axis: capitate bone (base of 3rd metacarpal)

stationary arm: midline of dorsal forearm

moving arm: 3rd metacarpal

norm: 20°

wrist ulnar deviation

pt position: sitting with the forearm resting in pronation on tabletop or forearm support; wrist neutral; hand elevated or off table; fingers and thumb relaxed

goniometer axis: capitate bone (base of 3rd metacarpal)

stationary arm: midline of dorsal forearm

moving arm: 3rd metacarpal

norm: 30°

MP (MCP) flexion

pt position: sitting with hand elevated and forearm supported in pronation or propped on elbow; wrist neutral; flexing fingers into a fist position

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal MCP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of dorsal metacarpal

moving arm: against midline of dorsal proximal phalanx

norm: 90°

PIP flexion

pt position: sitting with hand elevated and forearm supported in pronation or propped on elbow; wrist neutral; flexing fingers into a fist position

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal PIP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of dorsal proximal phalanx

moving arm: against midline of dorsal middle phalanx

norm: 0°-100°

DIP flexion

pt position: sitting with hand elevated and forearm supported in pronation or propped on elbow; wrist neutral; flexing fingers into a fist position

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal DIP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of dorsal middle phalanx

moving arm: against midline of dorsal distal phalanx

norm: 0°-90°

MP (MCP) extension

pt position: sitting with hand elevated and forearm supported in supination or propped on elbow; wrist neutral

goniometer axis: adjacent to volar MCP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of volar metacarpal

moving arm: against midline of volar proximal phalanx

norm: 45°

PIP extension

pt position: sitting with hand elevated and forearm supported in pronation or propped on elbow; wrist neutral

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal PIP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of dorsal proximal phalanx

moving arm: against midline of dorsal middle phalanx

norm: 0°-100°

thumb MCP flexion

pt position: sitting with the forearm and hand supported in neutral (thumb up); wrist neutral; thumb CMC supported in neutral

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal MCP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of dorsal aspect of 1st metacarpal

moving arm: against midline of dorsal aspect of proximal phalanx

norm: 0°-50°

thumb MCP extension

pt position: sitting with the forearm and hand supported in neutral (thumb up); wrist neutral; thumb CMC supported in neutral

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal MCP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of dorsal aspect of 1st metacarpal

moving arm: against midline of dorsal aspect of proximal phalanx

norm: 0°-50°

thumb IP flexion

pt position: sitting with the forearm and hand supported in neutral (thumb up); wrist neutral; thumb CMC and MCP supported in neutral

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal IP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of dorsal aspect of proximal phalanx

moving arm: against midline of dorsal aspect of distal phalanx

norm: 0°-80°

thumb IP extension

pt position: sitting with the forearm and hand supported in neutral; wrist neutral; thumb CMC and MCP supported in neutral

goniometer axis: adjacent to dorsal IP joint (goniometer upright)

stationary arm: against midline of dorsal aspect of proximal phalanx

moving arm: against midline of dorsal aspect of distal phalanx

norm: 0°-80°