SAM RED

What causes 95% of feline URI

Viruses

What are the two major feline URI viruses

FHV and FCV

What is FHV also called

Feline rhinotracheitis virus

What are classic FHV signs

Dendritic corneal ulcers dermatitis abortion and neonatal death

What are classic FCV signs

Oral ulcers interstitial pneumonia and polyarthritis

How long does feline URI usually last

7-10 days

What bacterial organisms commonly cause feline URI

Chlamydophila felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica

What does Chlamydophila cause

Conjunctivitis with inclusion bodies

What does Bordetella cause in kittens

Coughing and pneumonia

How is feline URI usually diagnosed

Signalment and clinical presentation

What test can identify Chlamydophila

Conjunctival swab

What is the main treatment for feline URI

Supportive care

What antibiotic is used for secondary bacterial infection in feline URI

Doxycycline

What should be avoided in feline URI

Steroids

What is bacterial rhinitis usually secondary to

Inflamed or compromised nasal mucosa

What is the most important feline nasal fungal disease

Cryptococcus neoformans

What are classic signs of feline cryptococcosis

Facial deformity chronic discharge and sneezing

Where is Cryptococcus commonly found

Avian excrement

Does immunosuppression predispose cats to cryptococcosis

No

What is diagnostic for cryptococcosis

Cytology

Where can cytology samples for cryptococcosis come from

Facial FNA or nasal discharge

What serologic test is used for cryptococcosis

Cryptococcal antigen titer

What is the main treatment for feline cryptococcosis

Fluconazole

How long should fluconazole be continued

At least 2 months and 1 month beyond resolution or until titer is negative

What is the major fungal nasal disease in dogs

Aspergillus fumigatus

What are classic signs of nasal aspergillosis

Nasal planum depigmentation ulceration unilateral discharge and epistaxis

Which dogs are predisposed to nasal aspergillosis

Mesocephalic and dolichocephalic breeds

Does immunosuppression predispose dogs to nasal aspergillosis

No

What does nasal aspergillosis cause on radiographs

Loss of nasal turbinates

What imaging is better than radiographs for nasal aspergillosis

CT

What is the best treatment for nasal aspergillosis

Topical antifungal treatment under anesthesia

What topical drugs treat nasal aspergillosis

Clotrimazole or enilconazole

What cure rate is reported for topical clotrimazole

80-90%

When is systemic antifungal therapy indicated for aspergillosis

Cribriform plate disruption or systemic involvement

What is the classic sign of nasal mites

Paroxysmal violent sneezing

How are nasal mites diagnosed

Rhinoscopy or nasal flushing

What drugs treat nasal mites

Milbemycin or selamectin

What cats commonly develop nasopharyngeal polyps

Young cats and kittens

What is the hallmark sign of a nasopharyngeal polyp

Stertor

What other signs can nasopharyngeal polyps cause

Obstructive breathing and mucopurulent nasal discharge

What neurologic signs can occur with nasopharyngeal polyps

Head tilt Horner syndrome and nystagmus

How are nasopharyngeal polyps treated

Traction or avulsion followed by short-term antibiotics and prednisolone

What percentage of nasal tumors are malignant

80-90%

Are nasal tumors usually locally invasive or metastatic

Locally invasive with rare metastasis

What is the most common nasal tumor in dogs

Nasal adenocarcinoma

What is the most common nasal tumor in cats

Lymphoma

What is the most common tumor of the feline nasal planum

SCC

What signs suggest nasal neoplasia

Discharge sneezing facial deformity bony lysis and stertor

How is nasal neoplasia diagnosed

Rhinoscopy with biopsy

What is the treatment of choice for nasal carcinomas and sarcomas

Radiation therapy

What does allergic rhinitis show on biopsy

Eosinophilic inflammation

How is feline chronic rhinosinusitis diagnosed

Diagnosis of exclusion

What are classic signs of feline chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic mucoid or mucopurulent discharge and sneezing

What can chronic rhinosinusitis eventually cause

Turbinate destruction

What is the hallmark of laryngeal disease

Respiratory distress and stridor

What happens during paradoxical laryngeal motion

Soft tissue is pulled into the airway during inspiration

What is the typical breathing pattern with laryngeal disease

Prolonged labored inspiration

What major complication can laryngeal disease cause

Aspiration pneumonia

What are signs of aspiration pneumonia

Cough lethargy anorexia fever tachypnea and crackles

What is the hallmark of pharyngeal disease

Stertor

What other signs can pharyngeal disease cause

Gagging coughing dysphagia and reverse sneezing

What is a major cause of pharyngeal disease

BOAS

What are common differentials for laryngeal disease

Laryngeal paralysis neoplasia laryngitis trauma and foreign body

What are radiographs useful for in laryngeal disease

Radiodense foreign bodies bony changes and some masses

What are radiographs poor at diagnosing

Dynamic airway disease

What can fluoroscopy evaluate

Dynamic airway collapse

What procedures directly visualize the larynx and pharynx

Laryngoscopy and pharyngoscopy

Why can airway scoping be dangerous

The scope can worsen respiratory distress

What is the ideal scope for evaluating laryngeal paralysis

Flexible laryngoscope

What drug is used to create light anesthesia for laryngeal examination

Propofol

What should be maintained during laryngeal paralysis examination

Spontaneous deep respiration

What do normal arytenoids do during inspiration

Abduct

What happens to arytenoids with laryngeal paralysis

They fail to abduct sufficiently

What drug can enhance laryngeal movement during examination

Dopram

What does stertor usually indicate

Pharyngeal or upper airway obstruction

What does stridor usually indicate

Laryngeal or upper airway obstruction

What is the hallmark of laryngeal paralysis

Failure of arytenoid abduction during inspiration

What nerves innervate the larynx

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

What dogs are most commonly affected by laryngeal paralysis

Older large-breed dogs

Which breed is overrepresented for laryngeal paralysis

Labrador Retrievers

What is GOLPP

Geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy

What other diseases can cause laryngeal paralysis

Hypothyroidism and myasthenia gravis

What are classic signs of laryngeal paralysis

Stridor respiratory distress and voice change

What history may suggest laryngeal paralysis

Gagging or coughing with eating or drinking

How is laryngeal paralysis confirmed

Laryngeal examination under light sedation

How is emergency laryngeal paralysis initially treated

Sedation oxygen cooling and dexamethasone

What sedatives can be used for emergency laryngeal paralysis

Acepromazine butorphanol or buprenorphine

What surgery is used for laryngeal paralysis

Unilateral arytenoid lateralization or tie-back

When should a tie-back be avoided

Megaesophagus

What is the goal of a laryngeal tie-back

Improve airflow without excessively increasing aspiration

What is the major complication of tie-back surgery

Aspiration pneumonia

What opioids should be avoided around tie-back surgery

Pure mu opioids

What is the hallmark of BOAS

Stertor

What breeds commonly have BOAS

Pugs Bulldogs Boston Terriers French Bulldogs and Himalayan cats

What GI signs are associated with BOAS

Vomiting and regurgitation

What are the four classic BOAS abnormalities

Stenotic nares elongated soft palate hypoplastic trachea and everted laryngeal saccules

What is the goal of BOAS treatment

Improve airflow through the limited airways

What environmental factors should be controlled in BOAS

Heat exercise stress and weight

What surgery corrects stenotic nares

Alarplasty

What surgery corrects an elongated soft palate

Staphylectomy