POLGOV FIRST QUARTER

Polis

"city/state"

Polites

"citizens"

Politikos

"government officials"

Politika

"affairs of the cities"

Politics

- Is the way that people living in groups make decisions.
- Is about making agreements between people, so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries.
- Is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or position.
May be defined as: The Art of Government, Public Affairs,
Compromise and Consensus, and Power.

gubernare

Latin word of "to steer"

kubernaein

Greek word of "to steer"

Governance

- Comprehends the system by which an organization operates in.
- The action of the government
- The process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented
- According to Leftwich, 2011, it refers to the web of formal and informal institutions, rules, norms, and expectations which govern behavior in societies and without which the very idea of human society is possible.

public sector, private sector, civil society

What are the three sectors of government?

public sector

state actors and institutions
Ex.

Information and Communications Technology, Defense, Energy, Transport Infrastructure, Healthcare, Agricultural Sectors, Philippines - Education and Training.

private sector

household and companies
Ex.

Sole proprietorships, Partnerships, Small and mid-sized businesses, Large corporations and multinationals, Professional and trade associations, and Trade unions.

civil society

- ngo

Ideology

- A more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action.

- To simply put, It is a set of related ideas or a systematic group of concepts and beliefs about culture, society, and human life.

Political ideologies

They are evolving sets of ideas that are combined in a variety of ways to guide, inspire, or goad people to political action.

Radical left

- uses violence and force to change the status quo

Ex.
anarchists, communists, socialists, democratic socialists, social democrats, left-libertarians, progressives and social liberals

Radical right

- uses violence and force to maintain status quo

Ex.
conservatists, fascists

Anarchy

a society with no governing body or authorities and also the confusion and chaos that can arise in the absence of a ruling authority or power

stateless societies

other term for anarchist countries

Communism

- Is an ideology where the government owns everything and nothing is privately owned.
- Political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major means of production (e.g., mines, mills, and factories) and the natural resources of a society.

Conservatism

- a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent moral order, tradition, hierarchy and organic unity, agrarianism, classicism, and high culture as well as the intersecting spheres of loyalty.
- beliefs based on the preservation of customs and traditions

Democracy

- "power of the people"
- a way of governing that depends on the will of the people.
- Is a system where the ruler/leader is held accountable for their actions by the public.

Environmentalism

- Aims at the protection and restoration of the environment
- Claims that living things other than humans, and the natural environment as a whole, are deserving of consideration in reasoning about the morality of political, economic, and social policies.

Fascism

- A way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government.

Liberalism

- A political ideology that emphasizes an individual’s rights and liberties
- A political and economic doctrine that emphasizes individual autonomy, equality of opportunity, and the protection of individual rights (primarily to life, liberty, and property), originally against the state and later against both the state and private economic actors, including businesses.

Feminism

- Feminism is about all genders having equal rights and opportunities. It's about respecting diverse women's experiences, identities, knowledge, and strengths, and striving to empower all women to realize their full rights.
- Emphasizes the importance of gender in the social, economical, and political rights of women.

Nationalism

- Nationalism holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity, and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power.
- Revolves around patriarchy

Nations exist, membership in a nation has practical consequences, nationhood has political significance

Three elements of Nationalism

Realism

- An ideology that attempts to explain, model, and prescribe political relations.
- A view of international politics that stresses its competitive and conflictual side. It is usually contrasted with idealism or liberalism, which tends to emphasize cooperation.

Socialism

- A political and economic system in which property and the means of production are owned in common, typically controlled by the state or government.
- Is based on the idea that common or public ownership of resources and means of production leads to a more equal society
- Emphasizes community and social equality

Utilitarianism

- An ideology that bases the authority of a government upon their utility.
- Provides an alternative to the theories of Natural Law, Natural Rights, or Social Contract.

Democracy

A form of government in which a nation's citizens have the power to decide the laws under which they will live. These decisions are made via either a vote of the people in a "direct democracy" or through elected officials who vote on behalf of their constituents in a "representative democracy".

pure or representative

Democracy can be classified as?

demos and kratos

Where did the word "democracy" came from?

demos

people

kratos

power

Aristocracy

- Refers to a government form in which a small, elite ruling class which are the aristocrats — has power over those in lower socioeconomic strata.
- Members are usually chosen based on their education, upbringing, and genetic or family history.

United Kingdom, Russia, and France.

Monarchy

A king or queen is the Head of the State. The supreme authority is vested in the monarch, an individual ruler who functions as the head of state and who achieves his or her position through heredity.

Countries: United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, Australia, Bahamas, Belgium Cambodia, Andorra

Parliamentary

- The president serves as the Nominal or Titular head
- The prime minister runs the affairs of the state
- A system of democratic governance of a state where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the support of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which it is accountable.

Presidential

- A form of government where the president acts as the state’s chief executive and is independent of the legislature in terms of tenure acts and policies.
- A form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers.''

United States, Philippines, South Korea, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, France

Federal

- A system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government. Generally, an overarching national government is responsible for broader governance of larger territorial areas, while the smaller subdivisions, states, and cities govern the issues of local concern.
- Is a government where the power is divided into two called: National and Local.

Mexico, Malaysia, Pakistan, UAE, Iraq, Nepal

Military

- Any government that is administered by military forces, whether or not this government is legal under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power. It is usually carried out by military workers.
- Is established by military authorities over a harrassed state

China, Japan, North Korea

Revolutionary

- State is concerned w/ the state of choice
- Tends to arise from the formation of a provisional government after the overthrow of an existing state and political regime. It often takes the form of a revolutionary state, which represents the will of its constituents.'
Ireland, France, German states, the Austrian empire, Hungary, Moldavia, Poland, Philippines

De Jure

The legal, legitimate government of a state is so recognized by other states.

De Facto

A government wherein all the attributes of sovereignty have, by usurpation, been transferred from those who had been legally invested with them to others, who, sustained by a power above the forms of law, claim to act and do really act in their stead.

Abkhazia, Transdniestria, and Northern Cyprus

Civil

The practical implementation of a state on behalf of its citizens, other than through military units (martial law), that enforces law and order and is used to distinguish between religious authority (for example, canon law) and secular authority.

Netherlands, Slovakia, Argentina, Spain, South Africa, Latvia

Power

- the ability of politicians, leaders, and others to influence policy in a government, thereby controlling what decisions people and countries make

Coercion, Authority, Influence

Enum. nature of power

Coercion

Use of force to persuade someone to do something they are unwilling to do.

Authority

The power to command thought, opinion, or behavior.

Influence

The power to make other people agree with what you want.

One-dimensional Power

The ability to get people to do something you want through open conflict.

Two-dimensional Power

The ability to get what you want by suppressing conflict and limiting the scope of debate.

Third-dimensional Power

The ability to get what you want by influencing the preferences of others.

Fourth-dimensional Power

The solid network of power system through which societies organize themselves (i.e Party List)

Legitimate Power

- power a leading official has due to their position
Ex. A teacher who besides being in charge of the classroom, is balanced in her/his appraisals

Referent Power

- gained respect and admiration due to influence and has strong interpersonal relationships
Ex. A teacher who is admired by her/his students. (’be like’)

Expert Power

- those who have more knowledge or experience compared to other members

Reward power

- a leader has the ability to reward a team member. Rewards work best when they are appealing to the members

Coercive power

- uses the power of fear–fear of losing

Charismatic power

have the natural ability to persuade and inspire

Moral power

inspires action based on a strongly held set of values and beliefs

Emotional Power

This is the social power of affect, using emotion to get what you want. Charisma is a form of the emotional power of oratory and body language.

Physical Power

It is derived from a material or physical advantage. Individually, it came from strength or skill. It comes from having things that are not designed to hurt people.

Informational Power

It is derived from expressing one’s views in ways that are reasonable and compelling to others, which is considered effective communication.

Power over

used to refer to a person or group which has a power over the others

Power to

used to approved of something they are doing and hoping they will be successful.

Nation

a stable community of people formed on the basis of common language, territory, economic life, ethnicity, and/or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture

State

an association of people characterized by formal institutions of government, including laws, permanent territorial boundaries and sovereignty (political Independence)

population, territory, government, sovereignty

Four elements of state

Globalization

Transformative growth of connections among people across the planet

economic, political, social

What are the three types of globalization?

constitution

the fundamental law of the land and the basis of government.

constitutional convention

It is drafted indirectly by the people through their representatives in a?

plebiscite

registered voters go to the voting precincts and cast their direct votes “Yes” or “No” to the amendment or revision of the constitution.

nationwide signature drive.

where do the people introduce the amendment directly in the case of a specific modification of the constitution through people’s initiative?

charter

other term for constitution

charter change

popular acronym in the Philippines for those seeking to transition the government from presidential to parliamentary form

Written Constitution

This constitution, as the term denotes, is one that has a definite written form at a particular time, usually written by a group of lawmakers tasked to frame the constitution such as in the case of a constitutional convention.

Unwritten Constitution

This type of constitution is not entirely unwritten, as the name implies. An unwritten constitution simply means that some parts of it are written and others are unwritten or handed down from one generation to another through customs and traditions. This constitution is usually "a product of political evolution, consisting largely of a mass of customs, usages, and judicial decisions together with a smaller body of statutory enactments of a fundamental character, usually bearing different dates.“

The English Constitution

is unwritten only in the sense that it is not arranged into one single document. Part of it is written such the Acts of Parliament and judicial decisions of the courts.

Statute

- a type of law enacted or created by a lawmaking body like the Philippine Congress
- is not created or enacted directly by the people but by their representatives, such as senators or congressmen/women.

Batas Pambansa (BP)

During the 1973 Constitution, the statute was called what?

Republic Act (RA)

During the 1987 Constitution, the statute was called what?

Amendment and Revision

What are the ways you can change the Philippine Constitution?

Amendment

the change is isolated or piecemeal only like a mere change in the term of the President from six years to four years

Revision

the change is substantial which requires a revamp or rewriting of the whole instrument

The Proposal, Ratification

What are the two steps in the revision of the constitution?

The Proposal

Step one in the revision of the constitution that begins with a proposal from a legislative body like our Philippine Congress or directly by the people to amend or revise it.

Constitutional convention, congress, by the people directly

The three (3) methods with which a proposal can be made for change, contained in the 1987 Philippine Constitution

Ratification

The second step in the revision of the constitution that is done by the direct approval by the people, i.e., by registered voters, of the amendment or revision of the constitution. Except by the people’s initiative, the final change in the constitution is done by delegates or drafters—whether by a constitutional convention or constituent assembly. It remains a draft and proposal without the approval of the electorate.

General Emilio Aguinaldo

- the dictatorial President of the Biak-na-Bato Republic in 1897
- the first to draft a constitution in the country with the aim of making the Philippines separate from the Spanish monarchy and an independent nation

Biak-na-Bato Constitution

The first known constitution in the Philippines

November 1, 1897

Biak-na-Bato Republic was created.

December 15, 1897

Biak-na-Bato Republic lasted only until?

Republican and Presidential

What is the form of government of the Philippines?

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

What are the three branches of government in the Philippines?

Legislative branch

enacts, modifies, and abolishes the law.

Upper House (Senate) and the Lower House (House of Representatives)

The two legislative houses.

Executive branch

Administers or enforces the law. This is vested in the Philippine President.

Judicial branch

Interprets the law and settles legal cases in the courts. This is vested by the Constitution in the Supreme Court and in lower courts established by law.