Fripty Study Bundle SLP Set 17 - Student Developed - Fripty Approved

What is acculturation and assimilation?

Acculturation refers to the process by which immigrants assume American cultural attributes.

Assimilation is the process of their incorporation into the cultural and social networks of the host society.

Do all African Americans speak AAE?

No

What are misconceptions with AAE?

It is substandard

It does not have a regular, predictable system

Use of AAE must be discontinued

Standardized tests can be used as an indicator of actual language knowledge and skill

What are some biases against individuals with AAE in formal language tests?

Grammatical judgement items (which sentence is correct)

Sentence repetition tasks

Grammatical closure tasks

Receptive grammatical tasks

Articulation tasks

What are grammatical and syntactical characteristics of AAE?

Omission of possessives "that the woman car"

Omission of noun plural "He got two box of apple"

Omission third person singular "She walk to school"

Omission to be forms "She a nice lady"

Present tense used regardless of other factors "You is smart"

Have omitted with present tense forms "I been here for two hours"

Past tense endings omitted "He live in California"

Past tense was used regardless "They was shopping"

Multiple negatives "We don't have no more"

Been used to indicate distant past "I been had the mumps"

Done to indicate that an action was started and completed "I done fixed the stove"

Be is used as main verb "she be working"

Pronoun used to restate the subject "my brother, he surprise me"

Them substituted for those

Future tense is and are replaced by gonna "She gonna help us"

Place at at then end of where questions "Where is the store at?"

What are articulation and phonological characteristics of AAE?

/l/ is lessened or omitted "coo'"

/r/ is lessened or omitted "muddah"

/f/ substituted for voiceless

/th/ at end of word "teef"

/t/ substituted for /t/ at beginning of word "tink" for think

/d/ for /th/ "dis"

/v/ for /th/ at end of word "breave"

consonant cluster reduction

differing syllable stress patterns "POlice" "JUly"

metathesis "axe" for "ask"

devoicing of final consonant

possible deletion of final consonant

/i/ for /e/ sub

/b/ for /v/ sub

diphthong reduction

/n/ for /ng/ "walkin"

What are articulation and phonological characteristics observed among Spanish speakers?

/t/ /d/ and /n/ may be dentalizied (tip of tongue placed against teeth)

Final consonants devoiced

/b///v/ substitution

/ch///sh/ substitution

/t/ for voiceless /th/ and /d/ for voiced /th/

schwa inserted before clusters

may omit sounds at end of words

/h/ silent in beginning of words

trilled /r/

/y/ for the /dj/ sound. Like "yulie" for "julie"

possible lisp

may substitute /eeee/ for /ih/ "peeeg for pig"

What are some language differences observe among Spanish speakers?

Adjective comes after noun "the house green is big"

/s/ is often omitted from plurals, possessives and regular third person "the baby cry" "we have five plate"

past tense /ed/ is omitted

double negatives used

negative imperatives may be used "no touch hot stove"

no may be used as a verb "the kid no cross the street"

"more" before adjective, like in Spanish "this cake is more big"

adverb follows verb "he drives very fast his motorcycle"

pronoun modifiers are used "this is the book of my sister"

What are some language differences observers among Asian speakers?

omission of plurals "here are two piece of toast"

omissions of copula "he going home now"

omission of possessive "mom food is cold"

omission of past tense morpheme "we cook dinner yesterday"

past tense double marking "he didn't went by himself"

double negative

subject-verb-object relationship "I messed up it"

misordering of interrogatives "you are going now?"

misuse or omission of prepositions "she is in the home"

misuse of pronouns "she husband is coming"

overgeneralization of articles "boy is sick"

incorrect use of comparatives "this book is gooder"

What are some articulation differences observed in Asian speakers?

final consonant deletion

emphasis on wrong syllable

/r/ and /l/ confusion

/r/ omitted entirely

reduction of vowel length, sounds choppy

no /th/

epenthesis

confusion of /ch/ and /s/

/ae/ does not exist in many Asian language

/b/ and /v/, /v/ and /w/, /p/ and /f/ substitutions

What is interference transfer?

an error in a student's second language that is directly produced by the influence of the first language

What is a silent period?

what some students go through when learning a second period. there is much listening and comprehension and little output.

What is code switching?

alternating between two languages

What are some facts regarding language in adopted children from other countries?

Age of development is a critical factor

Language skills should be assessed immediately after they arrive to US

Pragmatics may need special focus

What is conversational informal language fluency?

oral language fluency that facilities social interaction in daily life.

What is formal academic language fluency?

oral language and written language skills that are gained through school

What is simultaneous bilingual acquisition?

when two languages are acquired at the same time from infancy.

What is sequential bilingual acquisition?

diversity of rates and stages.

What does IDEA mandate about CLD kids?

testing must be provided in language or mode in which child is most efficient

testing must not be racially or culturally discriminatory

multicultural education should be considered

Are formal tests biased against CLD kids? Why?

yes because they are standardized to western, literate middle class

What is ecological validity?

the extent to which it reflects the child's actual, daily environment and life experience

Should you use translated versions of English tests? why?

no. there are differences in structure and content (Asian languages do not have pronouns)

the validity, reliability and sample size do not carry over to translated versions

Can you use tests developed in the CLDs student's primary language?

There is great heterogeneity of various minority populations and little developmental data on languages other than English

What should clinicians keep in mind when considering which tests to use with CLD students?

purpose of the test

construct validity

appropriateness of test content

adequacy of norms

What can clinicians do to alter standardized tests for CLD students?

omit biased items

test beyond the ceiling

complete the assessment over several sessions

have a parent or adult administer it under clinicians supervision

give instructions in English and L1

rephrase, repeat

give extra time

What alternatives can SLPs take to test CLDs?

obtain thorough case history

-use observations in a variety of naturalistic contexts

-use questionnaires

-use narratives

-use the portfolio method of assessment (gathering students' samples)

-use language samples

-use school records

-use conceptual scores (scoring answers in both languages)

-use dynamic approach (student is evaluated over time in a test-teach-retest format)

What formal test can you use with CLD kids for nonword repetition?

the CTOPP

What is the synergistic and differential recovery theory?

both languages are impaired but not necessarily to the same degree. one language may be more affected than the other. both may recover but not at the same rate.

What is the antagonistic recovery theory?

one language returns at the expense of the other. a Spanish speaking patient may recover Spanish and then English, but when English returns, the Spanish skill disappears.

What is the successive recovery theory?

one language returns only after another has been completely restored.

What is the selective recovery theory?

one language never returns.

What types of sounds does the tympanic membrane respond to?

low frequency sounds

What happens to repeated ruptures of the tympanic membrane?

scar tissue is formed which can reduce the membranes mobility

What bones compose the ossicular chain?

malleus (connects to tympanic membrane), incus (in the middle) and stapes (inserts into oval window

what are the two muscles of the inner ear? what are their functions?

tensor tympani: tenses tympanic membrane

stapedius: tenses ossicular chain

What is the eustachian tube? what muscles open it?

Part of the ear that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

Opened by tensor veli palatini and levator veil palatini

The human ear is able to respond to what frequency range?

20 to 20000 Hz

What is sound pressure level?

the intensity of a sound. normal speech is 50-70 dB SPL whereas a plane is 100 dB SPL

What is hearing level?

the lowest intensity of sound necessary to stimulate the auditory system.

What is air conduction?

sound waves strike the tympanic membrane. tympanic membrane causes ossicles to move which creates movement of the fluids in the inner ear which cause vibrations to the basilar membrane of the cochlea, which sends signals to acoustic nerve.

What is bone conduction?

The skull bone vibrates in response to sound waves, which causes inner ear fluid movement

How is hearing loss classified?

0-15 dB: normal

15-40 dB: mild

40-55 dB: moderate

55-70 dB: moderate-severe

71-90 dB: severe

90 + dB: profound

What is conductive hearing loss?

hearing loss that is due to diminished sound reaching middle and inner ear.

What causes conductive hearing loss? what abnormalities?

Abnormalities to external auditory canal, tympanic membrane and ossicular chain

What is aural atresia?

external auditory canal is closed

What is microtia?

pinna is small and deformed

What is stenosis?

extreme narrowing of external auditory canal

What is external otitis?

infection of the skin of the external auditory canal. swelling of tissue

What is otitis media?

infection of the middle ear

What sickness is otitis media associated with?

upper respiratory infection and eustachian tube dysfunction

What are the different types of otitis media?

serous: middle ear is inflamed and filled with watery fluid. eustachian tube is blocked and it can't clear. treated with pressure equalizing tubes.

acute: sudden onset due to infection. treated medically. (myringotomy)

chronic: permanent damage to middle ear.

What is otosclerosis?

spongy growth starts on the footplate of stapes. stapes becomes rigid and the footplate does not move.

What is Carhart's notch?

found in patients with otosclerosis. reduced bone conduction at 2000.

What is Otospongiosis?

stapes becomes too soft to vibrate. treated with stapedectomy.

Can people with conductive hearing loss hear themselves? why?

Yes, because bone conduction is not damaged.

Can people with sensorineural hearing loss hear themselves? why?

No, because bone conduction is damaged.

What frequencies tend to be most damaged in sensorineural hearing losses?

high

What is recruitment?

It's seen in sensorineural hearing losses. It's a disproportionate increase in the perceived loudness of sound when it's presented with linear increases in intensity.

What does an audiogram of a noise exposure SN HL typically look like?

There is most profound damage between 3000 to 6000 hz. mainly 4000

What is STORCH?

acronym for diseases that cause HL in fetuses and newborns

-Syphilis

-Toxoplasmosis

-Rubella

-Cytomegalovirus

-Herpes

What is acoustic neuroma?

tumor on acoustic nerve

What is presbycusis?

hearing loss due to aging

What is Meniere's disease?