Design Thinking test 2

Importance of materials

Materials have a huge impact on the user experience and well-
being in the space.
Materials reflect or absorb light, sound and heat.
Materials define the space's functionality and durability.
Certain materials – especially artificial ones – can ultimately be
harmful to the occupant's health.

wood, solid

used for structure, cladding, and flooring

rapidly renewable, moderate durability

wood, plywood/sheets

tree sliced into sheets and then many sheets put together to create plywood

wood, veneer

tree sliced into thin high quality sheets that are applied to backer board

masonry, brick

made from clay, formed into blocks dried then fired in kiln

soft when wet, hard when dry

common, very durable

masonry, stone

made from stone, can be any size

stone can be solid or a veneer

incredibly durable

polycarbonate, plastic

plastic granules made from petroleum

affordable, but non-renewable and difficult to recycle

metal, steel

produced from iron and alloys

very durable, easy to recycle

gypsum wall board

sheets made from gypsum material

must be tapped and mudded to achieve smooth surface

not recyclable

most common interior finish

concrete

mixture of cement and water made into a liquid form that is poured and dried as concrete

primary ingredients are lime and silica

“plastic” material- can be made into any shape

can be emulated with stucco, plaster, or concrete tiles

constraint

• external limit

• budgets, deadlines, and regulations
  brand guidelines and usability requirements

• boundaries that are provided by the client and context
  These are limits outside of our control that must be accepted and
  consciously responded to in the design.

rules

• internal limits

• designers create their own rules to help them make decisions

• rules create a design concept

• Create predictability and organization
  Prevents chaos and confusion
  Brings order
  Provides guidance for behavior (design decisions in our case)

common constraints in design

Location
Solar orientation
Climate
Timeline
Client
Scope
Budget
Functional
Regulatory
Physical

rules bring

Rigor
Clarity
Consistency
Logic
Comprehension

material strategy

A Material Strategy is a type of rule that helps us make decisions about how and where to use what materials

Example:
Public spaces have hard furniture and materials.
Private spaces have soft furniture and materials.

Design Efficiency

What is absolutely necessary to create a given space and satisfy functional requirements? What can be removed or edited how do we do more with less?

editing

-less expensive/ less material
-easier to build
-clearer design strategy

Principles of Design

Principles of Design are core concepts that all designers use.

Ordering Principles

• Axis
• Symmetry
• Hierarchy
• Rhythm
• Datum
• Transformation

Principles of Design examples

Alignment
Hierarchy
Symmetry
Contrast
Balance
Repetition
Proximity
Color
Negative Space
Rhythm
Proportion
Unity
Variety
Line
Shape
Emphasis

Peter Zumthor teaching architecure reading

• Architecture is a process of questioning and problem-solving

• 2. Architecture combines emotion and reason

• Personal experiences shape architectural understanding

• Materials must be understood through the senses

• Architecture must become physical to be fully experienced

• Architectural design should begin with real materials and objects

• Architects think through mental images of complete spaces

refuge space

Refuge spaces are where a person feels calm, safe and internally
focused.
Associated with heavy, dark spaces like caves

prospect space

where a person is elevated, feels open, looks
out and at the world around us

heavy materials

Heavy – having great weight
Of weighty import
Thick, dense
Characterized by depth of intensity : profound

Heaviness is often related to weight, or a space that has gravity.
We also associate heaviness with the earth, foundations and
anchors
Heaviness can be material but also color or tone.
Associate dark colors with heaviness

heavy materials examples

Metals (Steel, brass, copper etc)
Concrete
Brick
Tile
Stone

concrete qualities

Concrete is 'plastic' - it can be sculpted into any shape
Concrete can be used on interior spaces as a concrete tile, or a
fine, cast-in place concrete
More often than not, concrete in a space will be part of the 'building
shell'

Formwork

Concrete is poured into formwork and takes the shape of the form. Steel and wood are typical Other materials like fabric, bamboo, plastic etc – anything that can contain the concrete can be a formwork!

metal qualities

Incredibly malleable – formed into any shape imaginable
Also ductile – metals can bend and stretch but not break
One gram of gold can be stretched into a wire one mile long!
Metals are great for crafting thin elements that are also incredibly strong and can be shaped into complex forms

metal types

Steel is heavy and structural – used for elements that have to
hold a lot of weight (stairs, structure etc)

Copper, brass, stainless steel and chrome (more precious
metals) tend to be used for fixtures and hardware.

brick qualities

Often seen on the exterior of buildings...
Used on the inside, it can bring a casual, rustic and textured
experience
Brick patterns are also used for tile.
Commonly used are Running, Herringbone, Crosshatch, Stack!

brick v tile

• both made of clay

• brick is structural and thick

• tile is thin and applied to a structural surface

The Four Elements of Architecture
Gottfried Semper

hearth – metallurgy, ceramics
roof – carpentry
enclosure – textile, weaving
mound – earthwork

transparent

allowing light to pass through so that objects on the other side can be clearly seen

Translucent

a material or substance that allows light to pass through, but
diffuses it so that objects on the other side cannot be seen clearly

opaque

does not let light through the material

glass

used in sheets, blocks and extruded "c" shapes called "channels"
Incredibly heavy!
Many finishes and tints available – clear most common
Tempered (shatters into non-cutting pieces)
Laminated (layered with resin to resist shattering)

Glass Mullions

Mullions are the structural frames that hold up glass

Screens Are Great When...

The space needs physical separation
A level of privacy
Need for light, air and view to penetrate
Screens can be made of materials that are not, in themselves,
translucent

thin materials

• allow lots of light through

• connect spaces

What are details?

How materials intersect or transition

How things attach to other things

standardized v custom

• Modern construction is based on mass-produced elements or things
  made in a factory and sold to contractors or consumers.

• This is in contrast to how elements have been made for centuries :
  through hand-made or perhaps machined labor.

• Anything that can be sold "standardized" (like a car!) is usually
  made in a factory for cost and production efficiency.

wall partition

definition: non-load bearing interior wall

Can be almost any thickness
Rule of thumb:
"Basic" interior wall = 4"
Plumbing wall = 6"
Exterior wall = 8"

common wood joints BUTT

tounge and groove joint

half-lap joint

mitered joint

you know this you made it

dado joint

mortise and tenon joint

permitting

Process where designers submit drawings to a governing body

AHJ reviews drawings for compliance with all life, safety and
welfare codes

NCIDQ

Series of tests to show competency in interior design with
focus on health, safety and welfare

commerical v resedential

Commercial
Spaces for public occupation (building code)
Must adhere to lots of codes to ensure public HSW
vs
Residential
Single-family homes (residential code)
Much less restrictive

Health, safety, and welfare (HSW)

in interior design refers to the professional responsibility of designers to protect the physical, mental, and social well-being of building occupants through code-compliant, functional, and thoughtful spatial planning

Design for Disassembly

Design for Disassembly
Materials and components designed and installed so they can be disassembled rather than demolished.
Uses non-destructive attachment methods

issac newton color wheel

Newton identified three color groups
• Primary: yellow, red, blue
• Secondary: orange, purple, green
(mixes of primary colors)
• Tertiary: yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, etc
(mixes of primary and secondary)

• issac newton also used white light to create color on a spectrum

munsell color system

Hue – color --
measured by degrees around
horizontal circles

Chroma – saturation --
measured radially outward from the
neutral (gray) vertical axis

Value – lightness/darkness -
measured vertically on the core
cylinder from 0 (black) to 10 (white)

hue =

color

chroma =

saturation

value =

lightness/darkness

Goethe – Color and Emotion

Linked each color to specific emotions
Triangles show how colors are perceived and their psychological impact

Johannes Itten 7 color contrasts

• Contrast of Hue

• Contrast of Saturation

• Contrast between Warm and Cold

• Simultaneous Contrast (Saturated color inside gray)

• Contrast of Proportion (Two colors occupy different areas)

• Contrast of Complementary Colors

textile v fabric

fabric

• finished material

• extra processing

• specific use

textile

• broader term

• finished or unfinished product

• any woven material

• may or may not have a specific use

double rubs

• measure of durability

• higher number = greater durability

• light < 14,000 double rubs

• medium 15,000-30,000 double rubs

• heavy duty > 30,000 double rubs

reduce

use less materials

reuse

adaptive reuse (making an old building new), design for disassembly

recycle

transforming material to be used again

adaptive reuse

bringing an old building up to code and giving it a new function

benefits: preserves architectural heritage, creates unique spaces, utilizes existing materials and diverts building waste

rapdily renewable materials

• grown in 10 years or less

• bamboo, cork, cotton, wood, straw

monochromatic

uses a single color in a variety of saturations and and lightnesses to unify a scheme

analogus

uses colors directly adjacent to each other

complimentary

using colors directly across from each other

split complimentary

one color and the colors on either side of its compliment

triadic

equally spaced triangular pattern on color wheel

tetratic

two complimentary pairs

natural color

Truth to materials
Every material has a natural color
Frank Lloyd Wright big proponent of only using natural materials!
Avoids "applied" color like paint on gyp board.

Neutral-plus – De Stijl (1917)

• White, gray, black (majority neutral) + pops of red, blue, yellow

• Frequently used in De Stijl (The Style) architecture and art

Functional Color

• Color tone can offset/enhance environmental factors – warm colors used in cold spaces

• Odd spaces can be rectified with color use

• Elements emphasized or diminished

Color in Space

How colors and materials are used in a space affects how we
perceive the space.
It can make a room feel wider, larger, narrower etc

expand

all of the walls are a light color, adding windows

compact

painting all walls the same color, preferably something darker

lower ceiling

painting the ceiling a dark color

higher ceiling

painting all walls minus the celing and floor the same color

widen space

painting the back wall and celing the same color

narrow space

paint the side walls the same color

shorten space

paint the back wall a different color

highlight a wall

paint all the walls the color except the wall you want to highlight

shorten walls

paint the lower half of all the walls