cognitive psychology - overview

internal mental processes

how information is used (processes) in the mind, including all conscious and unconscious thoughts. for example, attention, perception and memory.
cannot be directly observed, use inferences instead - making assumptions.

schemas

a cognitive framework that helps to organise and interpret information in the brain. schemas help an individual to make sense of new information.

advantage of schemas

processing environmental information.
schemas allow us to engage with the world without being overwhelmed by sensory information, assigning objects to a schema means we do not have to consciously work out exactly what each object is individually.

predict the future

schemas are based on previous experiences, they allow us to make assumptions about what objects and people will do in similar situations. these are often accurate as others act according to similar schemas.

problem with schemas - leads to inaccurate recall

assumptions due to schemas can influence memory, a particular problem for EWT, people may feel they are remembering accurately however their recall has been altered by leading questions. (using smashed or contacted.. )

problems with schemas - negative schemas can lead to poor mental health

people with depression have faulty schemas that bias their thinking about themselves, others and the future. they always think of themselves as inadequate or unworthy.

computer model

refers to the process of using analogies as representation of human cognition

evaluation of computer model - negative

over simplistic - machine redactions. the human brain is significantly more compiled than any computer, and the human mind is capable of consciousness and emotions which can lead to irrational behaviours. also while computer and humans may share certain features, the nature of these features are very different.

theoretical models

models are simplified usually pictorial representations of a particular mental process based on current research evidence.

cognitive neuroscience

dedicated to the underlying neural bases of cognitive functions.
relationship between cognitive and biological approaches.

cognitive neuroscience evaluation - positive.

it has confirmed the link between brain structures and mental processes, explored by studying individuals with unique brain injuries. E.g. Tan - speech production issues.

cognitive approach evaluation - positive

it has practical, real-world applications. understanding schemas has led to cognitive behavioural therapy where therapists help clients change negative thought patterns.

cognitive approach evaluation - negative

it is scientific, but also highly controlled meaning it could be artificial. the experiments (recalling sequences like long digits or random word tasks) don't mirror daily memory use.
findings lack external validity.

cognitive approach - evaluation positive

recognises that behaviour is partly determined by biology and the environment they believe experiences create schemas in the brain's biological structure, but also suggest thought processes provide personal control over actions.