Test 3 Anatomy

thoracic mammae

abdominal mammae

inguinal mammae

Clinical note: Cats have how many mammae

4 pairs, with cranial thoracic being absent

external abdominal oblique muscle (EAO)

1

superficial inguinal ring

arrow

vaginal process (females)

arrow

external pudendal vessels

2

inguinal ligament

??

internal abdominal oblique muscle (IAO)

6

transverse abdominis muscle (TA)

7

rectus abdominis muscle (RA)

8

linea alba

rectus sheath

thick fascia that encapsulates rectus abdominis and is formed by EAO,IAO, T.

has superficial and deep leaves.

Clinical note: when an incision into the abdomen deviates to the side of the linea alba during celiotomy, closure begins with the closure of the _ leaf of the rectus sheath.

Superficial leaf.

it is the holding layer for those sutures as it is present throughout the length of the abdomen

cranial epigastric aa.

1

cranial superficial epigastric aa.

3

caudal superficial epigastrics

??

caudal epigastric vessels

??

cranial abdominal a.

?? ik where its at

deep circumflex iliac a.

8

lateral cutaneous femoral nerve

??

diaphragm: sternal, costal, and lumbar portions

costal 2

sternal 3

right and left crura of diaphragm

right crus 4

left crus 5

caval foramen, esophageal hiatus, aortic hiatus of diaphragm

caval foramen 6

esophageal hiatus 8

aortic hiatus 9

parietal, visceral, and connecting peritoneum

connecting is where the blood vessels are

peritoneal cavity

nothing located in there expect a small amount of fluid

Clinical note: in disease states, fluid can accumulate within the peritoneal cavity which can be removed through a procedure called _

abdominocentesis

falciform ligament

5

round ligament of the liver

median ligament of the urinary bladder

6

lateral ligaments of the uinary bladder

12

Clinical note: The falciform ligament and the median ligament of the bladder may be incised from the _ during celiotomy

linea alba

mesoductus deferens

3

greater omentum

has superficial and deep leaves

4

omental bursa

epiploic foramen

Clinical note: The _ is an important organ defense for the abdominal cavity. When inflammation or injury occurs at the peritoneum, the omentum adheres to the site for protection. This attribute can be used in surgery by suturing to weakened viscera (enterotomy sites) to provide blood supply and facilitate sealing of leaks

greater omentum

lesser omentum

connects lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

5

spleen

2

has head, body , and tail

gastroplenic ligament

asterisk

Clinical note: In what condition does the stomach twists on its long axis, pulling the spleen with it. This may cause enough vascular compromise to the spleen such that is must be removed when the torsion is corrected

gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)

liver & its lobes

• caudate process of caudate lobe

• right lateral lobe

• right medial lobe

• quadrate lobe

• left lateral lobe

• left medial lobe

• papillary process of the caudate lobe

gall bladder

between right medial and quadrate lobe of liver

ligaments of the liver

• coronary ligament

• right and left triangular ligaments

• falciform ligament

stomach lesser and greater curvature

cardia of stomach

fundus of stomach

body of the stomach

the pyloric region of the stomach is made up of what

antrum, canal, pylorus (sphincter)

Clinical note: _ is a serious condition where the stomach fills with gas and may lead to torsion. Consequently, circulatory failure may occur. This is an emergency requiring surgery to replace the stomach to its normal position and restore blood flow. A gastropexy is usually also performed to secure the pyloric part of the stomach to the right body wall or last rib

GDV

small intestine consists of what

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

duodenum

ascending duodenum 8

descending duodenum 6

cranial and caudal duodenal flexure

cranial near stomach

caudal 7

mesoduodenum

5

holds duodenum in place on right side of the abdomen

duodenocolic fold

connects ascending duodenum with the descending mesocolon

Clinical note: The _ is held such that the mesoduodenum serves as an anatomical retractor to retract viscera to the left in order to explore the right lumbar area during a celiotomy,. The duodenocolic fold is a landmark used during “running the bowel” during celiotomy

duodenum

pancreas

left lobe 1

right lobe 3

body 5

major & minor duodenal papilla

major 1

minor 2 (more caudal)

bile duct

major papilla

pancreatic duct

major papilla

accessory pancreatic duct

minor papilla

Clinical note: One should take care when doing an exploratory celiotomy not to disturb the or roughly handle it. This may inadvertently cause _

pancreas, pancreatitis

jejunum

4

root of the mesentery

5

mesojejunum

??

jejunal lymph nodes

??

Clinical note: String foreign bodies tend to lodge and erode through the mesenteric border of the jejunum. Enterotomies for this and other foreign body removals are performed along the _ border of the jejunum to preserve intestinal blood supply

anti-mesenteric border

ileum

1

antimesenteric a.

2

ileocolic orifice

Clinical note: The _ is the most common part of the small intestine involved in intussusception (ileocolic or cecocolic)

ileum

The large intestine consist of

colon, cecum, rectum

ascending colon

2

right colic flexure

transverse colon

3

always cranial to the root of mesentary

left colic flexure

descending colon

4

lies on left side of the abdominal cavity

mesocolon

peritoneal layer that supports three segments of large colon

Clinical note: During celiotomy, the descending colon is held so that descending mesocolon an be used as an __ to retract viscera to the right for exploration of the left lumbar area

anatomical retractor

cecum

asterisks

ileocecal fold

3

cecocolic orifice

Cat difference: In cats and are short

the large intestine and cecum (comma shaped). as a result, the ileocecal fold is short as is the ileum

rectum

arrow

kidneys

1

left and right

right lies caudal to the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver

left is “left behind” more caudal than right

hilus of kidney

renal cortex of kidney

renal medulla of kidney

arcuate arteries and veins of kidney

interlobar aa. of kidneys

renal sinus of kidneys

renal pelvis of kidneys

renal crest of kidneys

renal pyramids of kidneys

pelvic recesses of kidneys

ureters

2

Clinical note: It is important to understand the anatomic location of the _ in relation to the ovary and uterus, because accidental ligation of the ureter during ovariohysterectomy would be BAD

ureter

Cat difference: the kidneys are more pendulous and therefore easier to palpate In addition there are large subscapular veins on the cortical surface that converge to the renal vein at the hilus

renal arteries and veins

11