AP World Packet 10 - Enlightenment, Revolutions and Nationalism

Enlightenment

An 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, logic and individual rights over tradition and religion. Located in Europe

Sovereignty

The authority of a state or individual to govern itself without external control.

Scientific Revolution

A 16th-17th century movement that transformed understanding of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and reason. Located in Europe

Isaac Newton

English scientist who formulated the laws of motion, universal gravitation, and calculus; a key figure of the Scientific Revolution. Located in Europe

Philosophes

French Enlightenment thinkers who promoted reason, progress, and secularism, such as Voltaire and Montesquieu. Located in Europe

Social Contract

A philosophical concept that suggests individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of a governing body in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.

Natural Rights

Rights that all humans are born with, such as life, liberty, and property (and the pursuit of happiness), which governments cannot take away (proposed by John Locke).

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and philosopher who advocated for women's equality and education, arguing that women should receive the same education as men in her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792). Located in Europe

Romanticism

Artistic and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, nature, imagination, and individuality, partly a reaction against industrialization and Enlightenment rationalism. Located in Europe

Conservatism

Belief in maintaining traditional institutions and resisting rapid change, especially after the French Revolution.

Deism

An Enlightenment religious belief that God exists, but does not intervene; popular among Enlightenment thinkers.

Liberalism

Political philosophy advocating individual and economic freedom, limited and representative government, and protection of civil rights. Rose of the abuses of absolutism

Radicals

Those who favor extreme political change or revolution.

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights, governments must protect these rights, and if they don't people have the right to revolt. Located in Europe

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract, emphasizing general will and equality. Located in Europe

Baron de Montesquieu

French thinker who proposed separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny. Located in Europe

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who believed humans are naturally evil and they need to be controlled by an absolute ruler (wrote Leviathan). Located in Europe

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher who emphasized reason, morality, and autonomy of the individual, was one of the first to use the word race to separate groups of people. Located in Europe

Separation of Powers

Division of government authority among branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent abuse and tyranny (inspired by Montesquieu).

Balance of Power

Political concept in which power is distributed among various countries so that no single nation should dominate others; used in European diplomacy.

Parliament

Legislative body of government where elected representatives make laws. Associated with the English, and later British systems.

Glorious Revolution

1688 English bloodless revolution that overthrew and replaced King James II of England (absolute monarch) with William of Orange and Mary (constitutional monarchy). Located in Europe

Citizen

Member of a nation with rights and responsibilities under the law.

Civil Rights

Legal protections for individuals' freedoms and equality under the law.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), advocating for laissez-faire and promoted free markets and capitalism. Located in Europe

Olympe de Gouges

French playwright and political activist who wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen that challenged the French Revolution' exclusion of women's rights. Located in Europe

Seven Years' War

Global conflict (1756-1763) between major European powers; its costs led Britain to impose taxes on its American colonies, spurring colonial revolutions. Led to British accession by giving them full control of India. Located in Europe

Estate System

French social hierarchy, before the French Revolution, dividing society into clergy (First Estate), nobility (Second Estate), and commoners (Third Estate). Located in Europe

French Revolution

A period of social and political upheaval in France (1789-1799), uprising against monarchy and inequality, leading to republicanism and social reform. Located in Europe

Guillotine

Execution device designed to behead, used during the French Revolution; symbol of punishment. Located in Europe

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1789 French document defining a set of equality and individual rights of all the estates as universal. Located in Europe

American Revolution

1776-1783 revolt by the 13 North American colonies for independence from Britain; inspired by Enlightenment ideals and resulting in the establishment of the United States. Located in North America

Declaration of Independence

Document issued by the American colonies on July 4th 1776, asserting independence from Great Britain, freedom, and natural rights. Located in North America

Thomas Jefferson

American Enlightenment thinker, 3rd president of the United States, and primary author of the Declaration of Independence. Located in North America

Bourgeoisie

Middle class that owns most of society's wealth and gained economic power during industrialization and revolutions.

Tennis Court Oath

1789 pledge by French Third Estate, who had formed the National Assembly, to write a constitution. Located in Europe

Primogeniture

European laws requiring estates to pass only to the eldest son, pushing younger sons toward exploration/colonization; challenged by revolutionary ideas. Located in Europe

Maroons

Enslaved Africans who escaped slavery and formed self-sustaining communities.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the Americas. Often educated in Enlightenment ideas and key leaders in independence movements. Located in Latin America

Peninsulares

Spanish/Portugal-born elites living in Latin America who held the most political and social power. Located in Latin America

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military general who rose to power during the French Revolution, crowned himself emperor in 1804, and spread reforms and nationalism. Located in Europe

Napoleonic Code

French civil law established in 1804 under Napoleon, which made French law more uniform and based on principles like equality of all citizens before the law. Located in Europe

Absolute Monarch

Ruler with complete authority, justified by divine right. Located in Europe

King Louis XVI

French monarch, whose inability to solve financial and social crises, led to his execution during the French Revolution. Located in Europe

Maximilien Robespierre

French lawyer and politician, and leader of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror. Located in Europe

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican catholic priest who led the first call for independence from Spain, becoming the leader of the Mexican War of Independence (1810). Located in Latin America

José Morales

Mexican catholic priest and revolutionary leader who took leadership of the Mexican Independence movement after Hidalgo's execution. Located in Latin America

José de San Martín

Argentine general who led independence movements in southern South America, liberating Argentina, Chile, and Peru. Located in Latin America

Dom Pedro I

Son of Portuguese king who declared Brazil's independence from Portugal and became its first emperor. Located in Latin America

Simón Bolívar

Venezuelan creole revolutionary who authored The Jamaica Letter and later will lead northern South American states such as Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador to independence. Located in Latin America

Latin American Revolutions

Series of 19th-century uprisings for independence from European powers. Led by majority creoles and inspired by Enlightenment. Located in Latin America

Gran Colombia

Short-lived union (1819-1831) of several South American nations under Bolívar. Located in Latin America

Toussaint L'Ouverture (

Former slave who became the leader of the Haitian Revolution; turning a slave revolt into a successful struggle that liberated Saint Domingue from France. Located in the Caribbean

Jamaica Letter

Bolívar's 1815 letter explaining the goals and challenges of Latin American independence and unity. Located in Latin America

Haitian Revolution

1791-1804 slave uprising in Saint Domingue that overthrew French rule; leading to the first successful Black republic (Haiti). Located in the Caribbean

Grand Blancs

Wealthy white plantation owners at the top of social hierarchy in colonial Saint-Domingue. Located in the Caribbean

Petit Blancs (

Poor whites or artisans in Saint-Domingue who resented the power of the Grand Blancs. Located in the Caribbean

Saint-Domingue

French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola that became Haiti after its revolution. Located in the Caribbean

Haiti

Independent nation formed after the successful slave revolt in Saint-Domingue (1804). Located in the Caribbean

Popular Sovereignty

Principle that government's power comes from the consent of the people through their elected representatives.

Populist Politics

Political movements seeking to represent ordinary people, who feel their concerns are disregarded, against elites. Usually directed by a single charismatic leader.

Self-Determination

The principle that nations or peoples have a right to choose their own government.

Nationalism

A strong identification with one's own nation, often characterized by a shared language, culture, religion, or historical experience.

Nation

A large body of people united by common descent, shared culture, language, and identity.

Zionism

A nationalist movement that emerged in the late 19th century advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist who coined the term Zionism. Located in the Europe

Count Cavour

Italian statesman who led northern Italian unification efforts and served as the Prime Minister of Italy. Located in the Europe

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian political activist who promoted the unification of italy through republicanism and popular uprising. Located in the Europe

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian military leader who unified southern Italy with the north. Located in the Europe

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian statesman leader who unified Germany in 1871 using a policy of Realpolitik ("blood and iron"). Located in the Europe

Realpolitik

Politics based on practical goals rather than ideals or morals. Located in the Europe

Levée en masse

Mass military enlisting of all able-bodied men for military service during the French Revolution. Located in the Europe

Congress of Vienna (

1814-1815 meeting of European ambassadors that aimed to restore European balance of power and authority of monarchs after Napoleon's defeat. Located in the Europe

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian diplomat who led the Congress of Vienna and promoted conservatism, opposing liberal movements. Located in the Europe

Pan-Slavism

Movement aimed at promoting unity among Slavic peoples. Sponsored by Russia to gain influence in Eastern Europe. Located in the Europe

Revolutions of 1848

Series of political upheavals throughout Europe and characterized by liberal and nationalist movements that sought to overthrow old monarch structures. Located in the Europe

Taiping Rebellion

Massive Chinese civil war (1850-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing dynasty. Led to 20 million being killed and the Qing government weakening. Located in the East Asia

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion who claimed to be Jesus's brother. Located in the East Asia

Nanjing

City in China captured by Taiping rebels and made the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Located in the East Asia

Sepoy

Indian soldier serving under the command of the British East India Company. Located in the South Asia

Sepoy Rebellion (Indian Rebellion of 1857)

Revolt of Indian soldiers against the British East India Company. Was unsuccessful and lead to the British assuming direct rule over India. Located in the South Asia

Muslim League

Political group founded in 1906 to advocate for the creation of a separate Muslim-majority Nation-state in British India; later helped create Pakistan. Located in the South Asia