AP Human Geography: Chapter 3 - Migration Flashcards

Flashcards reviewing key AP Human Geography Unit 3 concepts on migration patterns, push/pull factors, international and internal migration history, policy laws, and modern demographic trends.

What is the difference between migration and mobility?

Migration is a permanent move to a new location, whereas mobility is a general term that encompasses all types of human movement, including temporary or seasonal movement.

How are net in-migration and net out-migration calculated?

Net in-migration (positive net migration) occurs when the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants. Net out-migration (negative net migration) occurs when the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants.

What mobility patterns characterize Stage 1 of Wilbur Zelensky's Migration Transition?

Stage 1 features low NIR, high CBR, and high CDR, accompanied by high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food.

What migration patterns are characteristic of Stage 2 in the Migration Transition?

Stage 2 is characterized by high international emigration and high interregional migration from rural to urban areas.

What migration patterns characterize Stages 3 and 4 of the Migration Transition?

Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by high international immigration and high intraregional migration from cities to suburbs.

Which major global regions experience net out-migration versus net in-migration?

Asia, Latin America, and Africa experience net out-migration, while North America, Europe, and Oceania experience net in-migration.

How did Soviet policy influence interregional migration in Russia?

Soviet policy encouraged factory construction near raw materials in Siberia (fossil fuels, minerals, and forests) rather than near existing population concentrations, using incentives and student workers (Komsomol) to assist project construction.

Why did the Brazilian government relocate its capital to Brasilia in 1960?

The government established Brasilia as a forward capital $600\text{ miles}$ inland to encourage population migration away from the coast and into the interior.

What is the primary push factor driving rural-to-urban intraregional migration worldwide?

Migrants are pushed from rural areas primarily by declining opportunities in agriculture.

What is counterurbanization and what causes it in More Developed Countries (MDCs)?

Counterurbanization is net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs, primarily driven by a desire for a rural lifestyle rather than economic factors.

What are the three forced political migrant categories recognized by the UNHCR?

1. Refugees: People forced to migrate to avoid armed conflict, violence, or human rights violations who cannot return due to fear of persecution ($42 \text{ million}$ in 2024). 2. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): People forced to move for similar reasons but who have not crossed an international border ($73 \text{ million}$ in 2024). 3. Asylum Seekers: People who migrate to another country in hopes of being officially recognized as refugees ($8 \text{ million}$ in 2024).

Where is Dadaab located and what is its significance regarding political migration?

Dadaab is located in Kenya and is recognized as the largest refugee camp in the world.

Why have hundreds of thousands of people migrated away from the Sahel region of Africa?

They have been pushed by severe drought conditions resulting from unusually low rainfall combined with rapid population growth.

What were the primary regions of origin for immigrants to the United States during the 17th and 18th centuries?

1. Europe (primarily English colonists settling along the Atlantic Coast at Jamestown in 1607 and Plymouth in 1620). 2. Sub-Saharan Africa (forced migration of enslaved Africans: $400,000$ total to the 13 colonies, including $250,000$ before 1808).

From which countries did the vast majority of US immigrants originate between 1840 and 1870?

Approximately three-fourths of immigrants during this period came from Ireland and Germany to escape economic and political unrest.

Which top five countries sent the highest cumulative total of immigrants to the US historical record?

1. Germany ($7.2 \text{ million}$) 2. Italy ($5.4 \text{ million}$) 3. United Kingdom ($5.3 \text{ million}$) 4. Ireland ($4.8 \text{ million}$) 5. Russia/USSR ($4.1 \text{ million}$).

Which two regions accounted for three-fourths of US immigrants in the late 20th and early 21st centuries?

Asia and Latin America.

Based on the US Census map below, in what general direction has the mean center of population in the United States shifted from 1790 to 2020?

It has steadily shifted westward and southward.

Why was the Great Plains region skipped by many westward-moving US migrants between 1850 and 1890?

Migrants rushed past the Great Plains directly to California for the Gold Rush, viewing the Great Plains as the 'Great American Desert' unfit for farming.

What medical conditions caused arriving steerage immigrants at Ellis Island to be quarantined?

Contagious diseases, specifically tuberculosis and trachoma (an eye disease).

Which US processing center handled most Asian immigrants arriving on the West Coast?

Angel Island, California.

What is an intervening obstacle and how has its primary nature changed over time?

An intervening obstacle is an environmental or political feature that hinders migration. Historically, obstacles were primarily environmental (e.g., mountains, oceans), but today they are mostly political (e.g., passports, visas, green cards).

How did the 1924 National Origins Act restrict US immigration?

For each country with native-born persons already living in the US, $2\text{\%}$ of their number could immigrate each year.

How did US immigration quota limits evolve in 1965, 1978, and 1990?

1965: Replaced individual country quotas with hemisphere quotas ($170,000$ Eastern Hemisphere, $120,000$ Western Hemisphere). 1978: Established a global quota of $290,000$ (maximum $20,000$ per country). 1990: Raised the global quota to $700,000$.

What is chain migration?

Chain migration is the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

According to 2010 Pew Hispanic Center estimates, what percentage of unauthorized immigrants in the US came from Mexico?

Approximately $58\text{\%}$.

Which four US states have the highest total immigrant populations?

1. California ($10.3 \text{ million}$) 2. New York ($4.4 \text{ million}$) 3. Texas ($4.4 \text{ million}$) 4. Florida ($3.8 \text{ million}$).

Excluding Mexico, what are the largest immigrant populations by state in California, New York, Texas, and Florida?

California: Filipinos; New York: Chinese; Texas: Indians; Florida: Cubans.

How has the gender demographic of long-distance US migrants shifted compared to E. G. Ravenstein's original theory?

Ravenstein theorized that long-distance migrants were mostly male; today, women make up $55\text{\%}$ of US immigrants.

What is the age breakdown of US immigrants compared to the general US population?

Young adults aged 25-39 make up $40\text{\%}$ of immigrants (vs $23\text{\%}$ of US population); children under 15 make up $16\text{\%}$ (vs $21\text{\%}$); and adults over age 65 make up $5\text{\%}$ (vs $12\text{\%}$).

What was the significance of the 1985 Schengen Treaty in Europe?

It granted European citizens the right to migrate freely and work across European Union member states without internal border restrictions.