ansc101 exam 2 key terms

flushing

practice of increasing feed to a female just before and during breeding season

singleton

an offspring born singly

artificial vagina (AV)

device used to collect semen from a male

diluter gene

type of modifier gene that changes a base color to a lighter color

seasonally polyestrous

when an animal has repeated estrous cycles but only in response to some enviornmental factor associated with the seasons, frequently the photopeirod

ultrasonography

using ultrasound waves to visualize the deep tissues of the body

active immunity

immunity to an infectious agent developed in response to exposure to the infectious agent or a vaccine for the disease

parturition

the act of giving birth to an off-spring

passive immunity

the process of acquiring immunity by receiving performed antibodies against an infectious agent, as from the mother to offspring via colostrum

embryo transfer

collecting embryos from a female and transferring them to a surrogate for gestation

mastitis

inflammation of the udder caused by wide varity of bacteria

milk

the normal secretion of the mammary glands of female mammals

Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)

An organization that provides a mechanism for developing and implementing uniform and equitable laws, regulations, standards, and enforcement policies o regulate the manufacture, distribution, and sale of animal feeds

AAFCO Dog or cat nutrient profiles

nutritional standards on which nutritional adequacy statements are based

AAFCO feeding trial

standards under which a dog or cat food must be tested to qualify to use the AAFCO nutritional adequacy statement

bitch

female dog

book

refers to the number of females sceduled to be mated to a particular male

companion animal

an animal to whom an owner has an intense emotional tie

digests

produced by enzymaatic degradation of animal tissues. Used to flavor pet foods

human-developed cat breed

cat breeds that have been developed from existing breeds or crosses of axisting breeds

natural breeds

cat breeds seleced by human preference or natural conditions specific to a region

net quantity statement

FDA required statement on a pet food package specifynig the quantity of feed in the container

pet

an animal kept for pleasure rather than utility

polymorphism

the existence of two or more discontinuous, segregating phenotypes in a population

queen

a female cat

spontaneous mutation

a change in DNA that creates new alleles

tumor

swelling or mass in a part of the body that is caused by abnormal growth of tissue

endocrine system

glands that secrete hormone or other products directly into the blood. hormoned secreted by endocrine gland have a wide range of effects in maaintaining normal body functions

diabetes mellitus

condition in which glucose absorption by cells of the body is inhibited due to decreated production of insulin by the pancreas or decreased response to insulin by body cells

backfat

the fat on a pig’s back. it is highly correlated to total body fat and often measured and uessd as a means of selected lean brood stock

barrow

a castrated male hog

biosecurity

procedures designed to minimize disease transmission from outside and inside a production unit

boar

an intact male hog kept only for breeding purposes

closed herd

a herd into which no new animals are introduced

creep

an area where young nursing animals can have access to starter feeds. ___ feeds are generally high-quality feeds made available to young animals

cross-fostering

moving young from their dam and placing them with anotehr female for rearing

farrow

in swine, the term sued to indicate giving birth

farrow-to-finish

a breeding herd is maintained. pigs are produced and finished for market on the same farm

farrow-to-wean

a breeding herd, which produces early-weaned pigs at 10-15lbs or feeder pigs at 35-50lbs. pigs are generally early weaned in modern operations and placed in a nusery where they can receive specialized care until ready for finishing.

feed efficiency

product (grain, milk, eggs, etc) per unit of feed

feeder pig

generally thought of as a pig weighing between 30-90lbs. There is some regional different in this range

generation interval

in a herd, the average age of the parents when their offspring are born

gestation

the period when the female is pregnant

gilt

any female pig that has not yet given birth. sometimes producers use the term first-litter __” after the first litter is born

heterosis

the superiorirty of an outbred individual relative to the average performance of the parent populations included in the cross

integrated corporate production

generally descried as farrow-to-finish and often have their own seed-stock production

monogastric

having only one stomach; class of animals that do not have a rumen

nusery pig

a pig still nursing in the sow

omnivore

animals that ear both plant and animal-based foods

optimal growth

when optimizing growth, such factors as cost of the ration, enviornment, kabor, and other nonfeed inputs are considered

palatability

the acceptability of a feed or ration to livestock

porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus

can lead to life-threatening dehydration common in nursing piglets and older growing or finishing pigs

porcine respiratory and reproduction syndrome (PRRS) virus

GI tract; contagious that causes various reproduction issues (refer to pre-class quiz)

pork

the meat from a hog; in other places the term pig mean is preferred

pork quality assurance plus

a voluntary, multilevel, management education program for producers that was introduced by the national pork producers council in 1989 as a tool to enhance teh quality of pork sold to the world’s consumers

seedstock

brood stock intended fro future production

show pigs

pigs bred for exhibition, usually by 4-H and FFA students

sow

a female pig that has given birth

STAGES

Swine Testing and Genetic Evaluation System; A series of computer programs that analyze performance data of purebred swine and their crossbred offspring

wean

the process of removing pigs from the dam to prevent them from nursing

finishing

the process of growing a pig to market weight

complete diet

diet formulated to meet all the nutritional needs of an animal

buck

intact male rabbit

cecotrophs

large soft pellets of cecally fermented feed, which move through the colon in a distinctly different manner than feces and are reconsumed for upper digestive tract digestion

cecotrpophy

the act of consuming the material from the cecum in the form of cecotrophs

doe

female rabbit

fancy

industry segment associated with exhibitions and shows

fryer

rabbit weighing ~5lbs and no older than 12 weeks of age. some processors stipulate no older than 10-11 weeks of age

kindling

parturition in rabbits

kits

baby rabbits

leporarium

encloosure designed for keeping rabbits that was popular in romann times. both rabibits and hares were kept as a ready food supply

nest box

box provided for the doe in which to give birth and rear the young for their first few weeks

rabbitry

a place where domestic rabbits are kept

feed conversion raito

feed needed to produce 1lb of grain

ARBA

American Rabbit Breeders Association

applied or production nutritionist

the practicall nutritionist. an applied nutritionst works on practical questions such as cost-effectiveness, method of delivery, and carcass effects

nutrition

the study of the body’s need for, and mechanism of, acquiring, digesting, transporting, and metabolizing nutrients

ruminant

hooved animals that have a rumen and chew their cud

basic nutritionist

a nutritionist interested in elucidating basic metabolism and nutrient action and interaction

nutrient

a substance in the diet that supports the normal functions of the body

dietary essential nutrient

a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized by the body or is not synthesized by the body in amounts great enough to meet an anima;’s requirements, and this must be obtained from the diet

dietary nonessential nutrient

a nutrient that is synthesized by the body in necessary amounts to meet an animal’s requirements

carbohydrates

organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that provide a soucr of energy in plants and other living organisms

starch

a carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose molecules joined by alpha linkages that forms the support structure cereal grains

cellulose

a carbohydrate composed of thousadns of glucose molecules joined by beta linkages that forms the support structure of plants

proteins

compounds composed of combinations of a-amino acids

fats

one of a class of biomolecules called lipids. chemically, fats are trtiacylglycerides, which are composed of the alcohol glycerol, with three fatty acids attached

vitamin

a term used to group a dissimilar set of organic substances required in very small quantities by the body

minerals

in nutrition, the specific set of inorganic elements thus far established as necessary for life in one or more animal species

diet

all the feeds being consumed by an animal, including water

maintenance

the needs of the animal exclusive of those required for a productive function such as growth, work, or milk production

growth

the process of adding tissues similar to those already present in the body to increase the size of an organism toward the goal of maturity when growth stops

finishing

usually refers to the final feeding stage when animals are readied for market

production

the general term used to describe the output of usable products and services by animals

work

physical exertion as a production function

reproduction

the combined set of actions and biological functions of a living being directed at producing offspring

digestibility

a measure of the degree to which a feedstuff can be chemically simplified and absorbed by the digestive system of the body

feed

food used to feed animals

proximate analysis

a set of traditional chemical/analytical procedures designed to partition feedstuffs into various nutrient components, including water, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract

dry matter

everything in a feed other than water