Chp 3 Evaluations - Biology

• Biological Cell: the basic living building block of all organisms

• Jail Cell: a locked room used to hold prisoners

What is a biological cell as opposed to a jail cell?

37.2 Trillion Cells

About how many cells are in the human body?

To exchange substances (nutrients, oxygen, etc) across the cell membrane + the ratio of the cell’s surface area to volume should be small

Why are cells usually small?

A micrometer (μm) is

1 millionth of a meter

Meter

39.37 inches; 100 cms in a meter

Centimeter

1/100th of a meter

Kilometer

1000 meters

1 nm (nanometer)

1 billionth of a meter

1 mm (millimeter)

1 thousandth of a meter (0.1 cm)

• Light/Compound

• Dissecting

• Electron

Cells are studied using microscopes

Name & Define 3 types of microscopes

• All organisms are composed of cells

• Cells are the basic units of structure & function in organisms

• Cells comes from preexisting cells (cells are self-reproducing)

What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory

Bacteria & Archaea

Prokaryotes consist of which two domains?

• Spirillum / Spirochete

• Coccus

• Streptobacillus / Bacillus

What are the 3 bacterial shapes?

• Capsule 

• Cell Wall

• Plasma Membrane

Name the 3 layers on the outside of Bacteria & Archaeans (OUTER LAYER)

Nucleoid

Prokaryote DNA is found in the

plasmids

pili

conjugation pilus

Prokaryotes can transfer small rings of DNA called ___, from one to another via a ___. This process is called ____. It is similar to sexual reproduction but not exactly.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION -> Binary Fission, Budding

Prokaryotes reproduce by

CONJUGATION -> the Replication of a Plasmid (small ring of DNA) in a donor bacterium & transferring it to a receiver cell

Prokaryotes create genetic diversity by

• Nucleus / Membrane

• Organelles

What are the 2 main characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells?

nucleus ; Organelles

Eukaryotic cells contain a true _____ containing DNA & little membrane organs called ___

Endosymbiosis Theory

One main theory that explains the origins of Organelles, Mitochondria, & Chloroplasts is called the

Membrane ; Non-Membrane

Two main classes of organelles are ___ & ____

membrane

The organelles that contains the cell’s DNA is called the ___

nucleolus

The organelles that makes ribosomal RNA is called the ___

• Rough ER

• Vesicles 

• Golgi Apparatus

• Nuclear Envelope

What are the 4 components of the Endomembrane System

Group of saccules (Maze) with ribosomes attached on the outside

Anatomy of Rough ER

Connected to nucleus & goes out to the outer part of cell & meets w/ the Smooth ER

Location of Rough ER

continue packaging the proteins (made by ribosomes)

Function of Rough ER

similar to Rough ER but doesnt have the ribosomes

Anatomy of Smooth ER

Next to ER & RER

Location of Smooth ER

Make lipids

Function of Smooth ER

The Cytoplasm

Location of Lysosomes

Break down (old) cellular materials & digestive (food) organelle of the cell

Function of Lysosomes

Break down toxins in the cell (fatty & amino acids)

Function of Peroxisomes

Liver (Eukaryotic Cell) & Cytoplasm

Location of Peroxisomes

Using water & light (photosynthesis) to make glucose (sugar)

Function of Chloroplasts

Green tissues of plants

Location of Chloroplasts

oval, disk shaped

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Break down sugars & other foods to produce energy 

Cell’s (ATP) energy production center & cellular respiration

Function of Mitochondria

Double membrane bound cell organelle, rod/oval shape

Anatomy of Mitochondria

Cytoplasm (Eukaryotic Cells), numerous & distributed throughout the cell

Location of Mitochondria

• Microtubules

• Actin

• Intermediate

3 types of Fibers that make up the Cytoskeleton

Importance in muscle contraction

Purpose of Microfilaments? Give an example of 1 or 2 needed for movement

Intermediate filaments

Hair & Feathers are made of which type of filament

Microtubules

Which type of filament moves organelles & separates chromosomes during cell division?

• Function: Both have one big function -> move

• Differ: 

  • Flagella are 2 single microtubules, move like a propeller/cork screw 

  • Cilia are shorter than flagella & moves in coordinated waves, & increase surface area in intestines to absorb more nutrients & water

Cilia & Flagella are made of microtubules. What are their functions & how do they differ?

• Tight Junctions

• Gap Junctions

• Desmosomes (weld cells together)

• Plasmodesmata (plants)

Name the 4 types of Intercellular junctions