general flashcards for exam

Solutes

are substances dissolved in a solvent

solvent

the liquid that the solute is dissolved in

Electrolytes

regulate fluid distribution, blood pH, muscle contractions and nerve

signaling

How are electrolytes obtained from and how are the excreted?

from food and drink and the kidneys are responsible

for filtering out excess electrolytes for excretion in the urine

Functions of Extracellular Body

Fluids

Extracellular fluids dissolve and transport substances

• Amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, medications

Extracellular fluids account for blood volume and blood pressure

Extracellular fluids help maintain body temperature

• Sweating releases heat

Amniotic fluid protects

the fetus

Synovial fluid lubricates

joints

What is a gradient?

Inside a pump, a gradient determines where the water will move.

Gradients are involved in action potentials in nerves and muscles

Movement in and out of capillaries is driven by

pressure differences

At the arterial end, hydrostatic pressure

forces fluid to be filtered into the

interstitial fluid

At the venous end, the capillary solute concentration

is higher than the

surrounding fluid, which pulls water into the vesse

main electrolyte imbalances associated

with poor kidney function

hyperkalemia(high potassium)

and

hyponatremia (low

sodium).

What can cause hypernatremia? (abnormally high blood sodium level)

Excessive vomiting and dehydration

• Dehydration occurs(electrolyte imbalance)

when fluid loss

exceeds fluid intake

Another electrolyte imbalance ( blood)

Blood becomes more concentrated, and

blood pressure can dro

Sodium facts (just drill)

-Sodium is the major positively charged

electrolyte in the extracellular fluid

-Regulates fluid balance and is involved in

blood pressure and pH balance in the

body

• Nerve impulse transmission and muscle

contraction

• Glucose absorption

Recommend intake of sodium

less than 2,400mg/day is recommended

500 mg/day is required, most of which should come from plants and

meat you eat. For reference: 500mg sodium is roughly ¼ of a teaspoon

salt.

Hypernatremia (just drill)

occur inpatients with heart or kidney diseases that affect fluid balance

The excess sodium can result in edema, and high blood pressure (hypertension)

Symptoms and Treatment for hypernatremia:

Symptoms: thirst, decreased urination, vomiting, muscle spasms

Treatment for hypernatremia: increased water intake or IV

fluids

Hyponatremia

As with most electrolyte deficiencies it can result from prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or drinking too much water

If hyponatremia is severe and untreated it can lead to seizures, coma, and death

Hyponatremia symptoms and treatment

Symptoms: include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps

Treatment for hyponatremia: water restriction or diuretics

How can you help hypertension

Reduce sodium intake (which does not help underlying cause) but still lowers blood pressure

Increasing potassium rich foods because potassium can act to relax blood vessels and aids in balancing sodium (Na)

Potassium facts (just drill)

Potassium is the major positively charged electrolyte in the intracellular fluid

Functions of potassium:

• Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Important element in muscle contractions and transmission of

nerve impulses

• High potassium intake helps to maintain a lower blood

pressure: Potassium counteracts high sodium levels

Hyperkalemia Facts and treatments:

• Caused by kidney diseases or diet

• Hyperkalemia is serious because it can alter heart rhythm and in severe cases result in cardiac arrest

Treatment: Diuretics or calcium gluconate or CaCl IV depending on severity and symptoms

Hypokalemia Facts and treatments:

-Caused by inadequate intake,

digestive or kidney diseases

• Hypokalemia is fairly common and

can cause fatigue, muscle

cramps/twitches, and abnormal

heart rhythm.

Treatment: hypokalemia is usually

reversible with dietary changes or

potassium replacement

Chloride: Cl-

There are higher concentrations of Cl- in the extracellular fluid

Functions of Chloride:

• An important electrolyte for the

innate immune response

• Aids in digestion as part of stomach

acid (HCl, KCl, NaCl)

• Chloride is involved in the

transmission of nerve impulses

Hyperchloremia

Excessive chloride can be a result of

consuming excess table salt (NaCl),

dehydration, or excess sweating

• Excessive chloride can result in high

blood pressure (similarly to sodium),

and acidic blood pH (decrease in

blood pH)

Hypochloremia

Chloride deficiency can be caused by

prolonged vomiting, kidney problems

• Chloride deficiency can lead to

metabolic alkalosis (increase in blood

pH) and increased risk of infection

Phosphorus

Location: intracellular fluid, negatively charged electrolyte.

Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body (most

of it is in bone and teeth)

Functions of phosphorus:

Required for fluid balance

• Critical role in bone formation

• Regulates biochemical reactions by activating or deactivating

enzymes (phosphorylation)

• Found in ATP, DNA, RNA, cell membranes (phospholipids), and

lipoproteins

Calcium: Ca 2 +

Location: extracellular positively

charged electrolyte

• Calcium is the most abundant

mineral in the body (most of it is

in bone and teeth)

Some functions of Calcium:

• Structure of bone and teeth

Muscle contraction and nerve

transmission.

• Stabilizing the cell membrane.

Magnesium: Mg2+

Location: intracellular positively

charged electrolyte

Some functions of Magnesium:

• Muscle contraction and nerve

transmission.

• Many enzymes depend on

Magnesium as a co-factor.

Glyphosate (RoundUp)

an herbicide linked to cancer in people

Atrazine

an herbicide shown to cause mutations in amphibians

Neonicotinoids

an insecticide that is banned in the EU, has caused

widespread declines in bee and other pollinator populations in US

Gene for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

a bacterium that produces its own

insecticides, is inserted into corn, cotton, potatoes, making them resistant to

insects and reducing the need for chemical insecticides

Hypervitaminosis A

can cause liver damage, bone pain, and skin problems.

Hypervitaminosis D

can lead to high calcium levels in the blood, kidney stones, &

bone pain.

Excessive vitamin E

intake can cause nausea, diarrhea, and interfere with blood

clotting.

Vitamin K

While less likely to be toxic, high doses of vitamin K can interfere with blood

clotting.

Biotin (B7)

meats, fish, vegetables, eggs, nuts

The Mediterranean Diet - LONGER LIFESPAN

Olive oil, Plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds

Includes moderate consumption of fish and seafood, providing healthy omega-3 fatty acids

BENEFITS:
Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and improved cholesterol

Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and improvement in insulin sensitivity

Linked to reduction in colon and breast cancer

Whole-Food Plant-Based Diet

Focuses on plant foods in their most natural, minimally processed form

• Minimizes or excludes animal products

People on this diet might need B12/iron/omega-3 supplementation

BENEFITS:
Reduction in BMI
Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes

Improved lipid profiles

Lowers blood pressure

Linked to reduced risk of several

cancers (esp. colon cancer)

The Nordic Diet

Emphasizes locally sourced, seasonal foods common to Nordic countries

fruits and vegetables, especially root vegetables, legumes, cabbage, and berries

• Includes whole grains such as rye, barley, and oats

• Features fatty fish (salmon, herring, mackerel) as a primary protein source

• Uses rapeseed (canola) oil as the main added fat

BENEFITS:
Improves insulin sensitivity & weight control

Improves blood pressure, cholesterol, and lowers CVD risk

LOWER WEIGHT GAIN BC FIBER RICH FOOD

The DASH Diet

DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is an evidence-based eating pattern designed to promote heart health and lower blood pressure

The main focus of the DASH diet is to reduce sodium intake

Includes potassium, calcium, and magnesium rich foods which helps counteract sodium's effects, leading to lower blood pressure

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat dairy, low sodium, limited red/processed meat & sugar

BENEFITS: Lowers blood pressure, heart disease risk (lowers LDL), and stroke risk
Improves insulin resistance & reduces diabetes risk