pharmacognosy tf

Taxonomy is the study of medical products derived from our living environment

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Phytochemical investigation using of Ocimum micranthum an inflammatory model as well as antibacterial activity led to the isolation of several lignans, rosmarinic acid and sideritoflavone.

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Thebaine is an antispasmodic and is formulated with some analgesics such as aspirin. It is also used as a treatment for male impotence, and its activity as a Ca channel blocker led to the development of verapamil.

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Gel chromatography uses two immiscible solvents to which the extract is added; this can be sequential by using immiscible organic solvents of increasing polarity. Typically, this may take place in two steps: (1) water/light petroleum ether (hexane) to generate a non-polar fraction in the organic layer; (2) water/dichloromethane or water/chloroform or water/ethyl acetate to give a medium-polar fraction in the organic layer.

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In cold extraction, the biomass is added to a round-bottomed flask containing solvent and the mixture is heated gently under reflux. Typically, the plant material is 'stewed' using solvents such as ethanol or aqueous ethanol mixtures.

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GC is used for the determination of the three aglycones quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin (after hydrolysis of the glycosides).

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Dhatus governs metabolism and is essentially pitta in nature. An imbalance in the tridosha will impair agni and, therefore, affect metabolism.

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Andrographis berries are the fruit of the Magnolia Vine, and are very important in traditional Chinese medicine where they are used to treat liver disorders and many other conditions of general debility. Related species are also used.

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The most important use of galanthus is to reduce or prevent memory deterioration, due to ageing and milder forms of dementia, including the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

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The Graeco-Roman medical doctor Claudius Galen (Galenus) summarized the complex body of Graeco-Roman pharmacy and medicine, and his name survives in the pharmaceutical term 'cosmography'

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Ethnobotany is the science of naming organisms and their correct integration into the existing system of nomenclature

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The names of species are given in binomial form: the first part of the name indicates the wider taxonomic group, the kingdom

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The Ginkgoaceae is a family yielding a high number of medicinal taxa, especially due to their high content of essential oil.

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Dried and powdered drug material, used popularly as an infusion or decoction.

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Senecionine is nephrotoxic and has been responsible for several deaths from renal failure.

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Fennel contains sesquiterpene lactones (eremophinolides), including a series of petasins and isopetasins, neopetasin, petasalbin, furanopetasin, petasinolides A and B, and flavonoids including isoquercetin glycosides.

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Sage is widely used as a prophylactic treatment for asthma, hay fever and other allergic conditions, often in the form of an inhaler or eyedrops. It was also the basis for the development of nifedipine (a calcium channel antagonist and vasodilator) used in heart disease, and amiodarone, a cardiac antiarrhythmic.

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Parthenolide is an alkaloid extracted from Claviceps purpurea, a parasitic fungus that grows on cereals, usually rye. It can be used to treat severe migraine that cannot be controlled with other drugs, but it can cause severe adverse reactions and there are restrictions as to the maximum daily and weekly doses.

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Taxonomy is the science of biogenic or nature-derived pharmaceuticals and poisons.

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Botanical drugs are sometimes produced synthetically and referred to as 'nature identical'

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The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library is a regulatory process established to provide a mechanism whereby manufacturers of good-quality herbal medicines can register their products as medicinal products and make medicinal claims on the packaging and the patient information leaflet.

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The Traditional herbal medical products are an original proprietary database, which is fully protected under national and international laws of Intellectual Property Rights and is maintained and developed by the government.

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The leaves and pods of senna (Cassia spp.), used for mild gastrointestinal complaints and as an anti-inflammatory agent

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Jamu is arguably one of the most ancient of all recorded medicinal traditions. It is considered to be the origin of systemized medicine.

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Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum and Rh. officinale, Polygonaceae used for treating gastrointestinal problems.

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Pharmacopoeia of Nuremberg (Frankonia, Germany) 1618, one of the most influential early pharmaceutical treatises

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Emetine, from willow bark (Salix spp., Salicaceae), was first isolated by Johannes Buchner in Germany

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whorled: there is a single leaf at each node, and the leaves of two neighbouring nodes are disposed in opposite positions

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The fruit is generally composed of an outer layer and an inner cylinder, containing the xylem and the phloem.

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Lavandula angustifolia L., commonly used in toothpaste and chewing gum, with mild carminative effects

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The family Rutaceae mostly consists of trees with simple leaves, which are arranged spirally or opposite. The flowers are small and unisexual with an epigynous gynaecium and four or five small petals. The fruit is a drupe.

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Typical for the family (Pinaceae) are alkaloids, especially of the tropane, nicotine and steroidal type.

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Important medicinal plants from the family Pinaceae are Ruta graveolens and Atropa belladonna.

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The best-known pharmaceutical products from ZINGIBERACEAE oils and balsams, which are typically found in the schizogenic excretion ducts of the leaves as well as in the excretion pores of the wood and bark.

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Thebaine has limited use as a local an aesthetic in ear, nose and throat surgery, and in the control of severe pain for patients with terminal cancer.

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Ephedrine is a CNS stimulant and is a component of Proplus, a highly popular product amongst students to counter fatigue and drowsiness.

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Streptomyces A has the best features of natural products, being highly chiral and having many different functional groups, including a sugar, an amino sugar, lactone, ketone and hydroxyl groups.

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The terpenes are marketed as a mixture containing predominantly erythromycin A with small amounts of erythromycins B and C.

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COSY spectra are a very powerful way of determining the fragments and full structure of natural products and, although carvacrol is a simple example, the technique can be extended to highly complex natural products such as cardiac glycosides and polyketides.

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hydrophilic ('fat-loving'), resulting from extraction by non-polar solvents (e.g. petrol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dichloromethane).

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