Psych: James Marcia & Ethnic-Racial Identity + Moral Development

Exploration

Learning about one's group through reading, talking, and joining cultural events.

Resolution

Clear sense of what one's ethnic-racial identity means.

Affirmation

Positive feelings about one's group

Significance

Strong ERI predicts higher self-esteem and buffers discrimination

Achievement

Explored and committed

Foreclosure

Committed without exploring

Moratorium

Actively exploring, not yet committed

Diffusion

Neither exploring nor committed

What protects teen mental health

Feeling connected at school, at least one caring adult, and positive ethnic-racial identity.

Kohlberg: Justice

Preconventional: avoid punishment, gain reward

Conventional: follow rules and social approval

Postconventional: universal ethical principles

Gilligan: Care

Kohlberg's samples were mostly male. An ethic of care emphasizes relationships and responsibility. Care and justice are both valid moral voices

Turiel: Domains

Moral: harm, fairness, rights

Conventional: social customs and etiquette

Personal: individual choices like clothing