MODULE 4: DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Examples of appetite stimulants?

B Vitamin, Glucocorticoids, Anabolic Steroids, Benzodiazepines, Cyproheptadine

Examples of appetite suppressants?

Amphetamine, Chlorphentermine, Phenmetrazine

What are drugs that increase the volume and fluidity of saliva?

Sialagogues

Examples of sialagogues?

Gentian, Quassia, Nux Vomica, Cholinergic Drugs

What are the treatments of sialagogues?

Hypoptyalism, Xerostomia

What is another use of sialagogues?

Tonic drink preparation

What are drugs that decrease the flow and fluidity of saliva?

Anti-Sialagogues

Examples of anti-sialagogues?

Atropine, Glycopyrrolate

Examples of alimentary demulcents?

Syrup, Gum, Glycerol, Egg Albumin, Starch, Mineral Oil

Examples of buccopharyngeal antiseptics?

Hexitidin, Dequalinium, Phenol, Povidone

What are the treatments of buccopharyngeal antiseptics?

Sore Throat, Stomatitis, Gingivitis, Halitosis

Examples of peripherally acting emetics?

NaCl, Copper Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate, Ipecac, Mustard Seed

What does Ipecac produce that is toxic?

Emetine

In which animals are peripherally acting emetics commonly employed?

Dogs, Cats

In which animals are peripherally acting emetics rarely used?

Pigs, Exotics

In which animals are peripherally acting emetics not used?

Horse, Cattle

Examples of centrally acting emetics?

Apomorphine, Xylazine, Ipecac

Which centrally acting emetic should not be used in cats?

Apomorphine

Which centrally acting emetic is less effective in dogs?

Xylazine

What are drugs that control vomition?

Anti-Emetic

Examples of peripherally acting anti-emetics?

Glycopyrrolate, Propatheline, Methscopolamine, Isopropamide, Metoclopramide, Domperidone

What conditions are associated with vomition reduced by peripherally acting anti-emetics?

Pharyngitis, Gastritis, Esophagitis, Gastroenteritis, Gastric Ulcer

Examples of locally acting anti-emetics?

Antacids, Kaolin, Pectin, Bismuth Subsalicylate

Examples of centrally acting anti-emetics?

Metoclopramide, Meclizine, Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine, Cyclizine, Promethazine

Which centrally acting anti-emetics are teratogenic?

Meclizine, Cyclizine

Examples of stomachics/prokinetics?

Metoclopramide, Bethanechol, Neostigmine, Bicarbonate, Pentagastrin, Betazole, Histamine Acid Phosphate

Examples of anti-stomachics/gastric sedatives?

Atropine, Glycopyrrolate, Domperidone, Cisapride, Tegaserod, Cimetidine, Ranitidine

What do antacids decrease and control?

Hydrochloric acid

Examples of antacids?

Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Citrate, Calcium Carbonate, Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide, Magnesium Carbonate

What are the uses of antacids?

Uremic Gastritis, Gastric + Duodenal Ulcers, Acute Gastritis, Uremia

Examples of H₂ blockers?

Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine

Examples of proton pump inhibitors?

Dexlansoprazole, Esomeprazole Magnesium, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole, Omeprazole Magnesium, Omeprazole + Sodium Bicarbonate, Pantoprazole Sodium, Rabeprazole Sodium

Examples of general antacids/drugs listed?

Sodium Bicarbonate, Aluminum Hydroxide, Calcium Carbonate, Cimetidine

Which drug is the most frequently employed systemic antacid for parenteral use?

Sodium Bicarbonate

What happens if Sodium Bicarbonate is given PO?

Acid Rebound

What does Aluminum Hydroxide impair?

Phosphate Absorption

What may phosphate depletion from Aluminum Hydroxide lead to?

🦴

Osteomalacia

What does chronic administration of Calcium Carbonate cause?

Calcinuria with Metastatic Calcification + Urolithiasis

What type of inhibitor is Cimetidine?

Microsomal inhibitor

What is the action of carminatives?

Antiflatulence

Examples of carminatives?

Alcohol Ether, Chloroform, Ginger Oil, Peppermint Oil, Anise Oil, Eucalyptus Oil

Examples of anti-zymotics?

Turpentine Oil, Formalin, Poloxalene, Simethicone, Polysiloxane

What is the effect of lubricant and emollient laxatives?

Fecal softness

Examples of lubricant + emollient laxatives?

Mineral Oil, Docusate Sodium (Dioctyl Sodium Succinate, DSS), Poloxalol

Examples of simple bulk laxatives?

Methylcellulose, Agar, Plantago Seed, Wheat Bran, Prunes, Psyllium (Metamucil)

What are the osmotic cathartics/hyperosmotic agents?

Magnesium Sulfate, Magnesium Hydroxide, Magnesium Citrate, Sodium Sulfate (Glauber's Salt), Sodium Phosphate, Potassium Sodium Tartrate (Rochelle Salt), Lactulose

Examples of the indirectly acting irritant cathartics that require metabolic conversion?

Castor Oil = Ricinoleates, Linseed Oil = Linoleates, Olive Oil = Oleates, Aloe Vera = Emodin

Examples of the directly acting irritant cathartics that do not require metabolic conversion?

Big, Pen15, Stay, Cool

Bisacodyl, Phenolphthalein, Senna, Cascara Sagrada

Examples of neuromuscular purgatives?

Naughty, Phoebe, Begs, Cain

Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Bethanechol, Carbachol

Examples of of enemas/enemata?

🧼

Soapy Water, Glycerol, Sorbitol, Isotonic Saline, Mineral Oil, Vegetable Oil, Docusate Sodium

Why should phosphate salt enemas not be used in infants?

💩

Fecal Hyperphosphatemia, Hypocalcemia, Hypernatremia

Examples of spasmolytic/antispasmodic/modulators of intestinal motility?

OA…

Opioid Analgesics, Anticholinergics

Examples of GIT protectants and adsorbents?

Activated Charcoal, Attapulgite, Kaolin, Pectin, Bismuth Salt

What do GIT protectants and adsorbents prevent?

Irritation/erosion

What do GIT protectants and adsorbents absorb or bind?

Chemical substances

Examples of acidifiers?

Propionic, Acetic, Butyric, Formic

Examples of enzymes used as digestants?

Diastases, Xylanase, Phytase

Examples of PRObiotic?

Lactobacilli

Examples of PREbiotics?

FOS, Inulin

Examples of cholagogues?

Magnesium Sulfate, Ceruletide

Examples of choleretics?

Bile Salts, Clanobutin, Chenodiol, Tocamphyl

Examples of liver protectants?

Choline, Methionine, Betaine, Lecithin, B12, B15, Selenium + Vitamin E, Silymarin, Glucose + Fructose