Memorize Studies

Rosenhan (1973)

Whether the characteristics leading to diagnosis reside in patients themselves or in their environments.

Atwells et Al (2017)

Neuroinflammation is localized in specific brain regions like the dorsal caudate and orbitofrontal cortex in patients with OCD.

Klein et al. 2024

Targeted adolescence with OCD through virtual Cognitive Behavior Therapy (vCBT) Hypothesized that this new approach would have a good feasibility. As a secondary hypothesis, at the end of treatment, there would be a decreased symptom severity in OCD as well as improved family life and general functioning. Patients underwent therapy for 14 weeks, where all saw significant decrease in symptoms. It had a good implication for virtual CBT as a solution for patients who couldn’t leave the house.

Sensorimotor Stage

Children think through movement and sensation; develop object permanence and egocentrism.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

Scaffolding

When a knowledgeable person assists a child within their ZPD until they succeed independently.

Buttelman et al. 2007

Investigated whether chimpanzees, like human infants, can selectively imitate actions based on the rationality of the demonstrator's choices. In some trials, the demonstrator had their hands free, suggesting a free choice, while in other trials, their hands were occupied, suggesting a forced choice. found that chimpanzees were more likely to imitate the unusual action when it was freely chosen (hands free) compared to when it was forced (hands occupied)

Meltzoff (1995)

Presented with the same situation as the chimpanzees in Buttelman et al (2007), they found children as young as 18 months could infer what the adults intended act was. No difference was found in children completing it first try; in the experimental children wouldn’t go through trial and error-- observance wasn't enough. 

Bem's Gender Schema

Sex-typed, cross-sex-typed, androgynous, undifferentiated are the four categories of gender schema.

Bandura 1977

Gender roles are developed through direct reinforcement and modeling behavior. Are developed through: Adults reinforce stereotypically accepted gender behavior and discourage stereotypically inconsistent behavior (reward)

Pre-operational stage

Stage (ages 2-7) characterized by the development of language, symbolic thinking, and egocentrism, but lacks logical reasoning.

Concrete Operational stage

Stage (ages 7-11) characterized by the development of logical thinking about concrete events, understanding the concept of conservation, and organizing thoughts logically.

Formal Operational stage

Stage (ages 12 and up) which is characterized by the development of abstract reasoning, problem-solving skills, and the ability to think scientifically.

Vygotsky vs. Piaget

Disagreement in terms of the idea that children should be taught at the level they are already at. Vygotsky believed that education should be built in the ZPD: too challenging for children to accomplish by themselves, but perfectly manageable in communication with a helping knowledgeable adult.