Morphology, Phonological Alternation and Neutralization

by adding the two morphemes

how are words with two morphemes put together?

start with the one that doesn’t change the part of speech then add others

how are words with more than two morphemes put together?

derivation

this type of morphology forms new words (can add new words to dictionary)

inflection

this type of morphology makes words syntactically appropriate to their context

tense on verbs (simple present vs past affixes), aspect on verbs (simple present vs present progressive), number on nouns (singular vs plural), person and number agreement in verbs, and case in pronouns (i vs me)

inflection in other languages

gender, evidential status (events known directly vs by hearsay), degree of respect (formal vs informal), additional degrees of number (2 or 3 number in addition to singular/plural), remote vs recent past, inclusive vs exclusive (1st person plural), and cases in nouns (nom., genitive, dative, etc)

derivational affixes added before inflectional affixes

what is the general rule of thumb when you have both derivational and inflectional affixes in a word?

allophonic alternation

alternations involving allophones of the same phoneme

neutralization

alternation involving allophones of separate phonemes

alternations involving allophones of same phoneme

a particular morpheme varies because its phonemes show up with different allophones

ex: alternation in english /t/ -final stems

environment

phonological forms of words accommodate to new ________, created as a result of morphological rule application

allomorphs

when a morpheme alternates, its different forms are taken as what?

neutralization

when a phoneme turns into a sound that exists independently as (an allophone of) another phoneme of the language

is identical phonetic realization of distinct phonemic forms

in other words, phonemes that are contrastive in certain environments may not be contrastive in all environments

neutralized

in the environments where they don’t contrast, the contrast is said to be…

separate phoneme

when a phoneme turns into a sound that exists independently as an allophone of a _____ ____ of the language

ex: voicing agreements in word-final obstruents