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Backing

What supports a warrant?

Evidence or support

What supports a reason?

A reason

What comes after “because”?

Pathos

Emotional support using stories and powerful examples

Ethos

Ethical support using experts and trustworthy sources.

Logos

Logical support using facts, statistics, data, and research.

Examples of qualifiers

Some, many, most, often, usually, and can.

Qualifier

A word that makes a statement less absolute and more believable.

Counter

The writer’s response to the rebuttal

Rebuttal

A different or opposing point of view.

Backing

Extra evidence that supports the warrant.

Warrant

A shared value or belief that connects the reasons to the claim.

Support

Evidence used to prove the reasons.

Reasons

Explanations for why the claim should be accepted.

Claim

The main point you are trying to prove.

Toulmin argument

An argument used to convince an audience that a claim is reasonable.