psych test 3

achievement motivation

a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles

affective traits

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses

anorexia nervosa

extreme fear of being overweight leads to restriction, people cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height

apprasial

evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one’s own life

basic emotions

the set of emotions that are common to all humans; included anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

broaden and build model

Fredrickson’s model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills

bulimia nervosa

binge eating with a perceived lack of control with some form of purging (throwing up)

display rules

learned norms or rules often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them

drives

the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension

Duchenne smile

a smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye

emotion regulation

cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions

emotional intelligence

ability to recognize emotions in yourself and others, empathetic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others

emotional response

includes the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated

emotions

brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation

expressive suppression

a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion (shutting down an emotion)

extrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from outside of a person, usually involves rewards and praise

facial feedback coding system (FACS)

a widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face

facial feedback hypothesis

sensory feedback from the facial musculature during expression affects emotional experience

glucose

a simple sugar in the blood that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain

homeostasis

process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point

motivation

the urge to move towards one’s goals; to accomplish a task

incentive

any external object or event that motivates behavior

intrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from within a person and included the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery and autonomy

james lange theory of emotion

the idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience

moods

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions

needs

inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

neurocultural theory of emotion

Ekman’s explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as the facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation are culturally derived

perceived organizational support

employees’ beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being

reappraisal

an emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluated an event, so that a different emotion results

self actualization

the inherent drive to realize one’s full potential

self conscious emotions

types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society’s rules

set point

the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system such as internal body temperature

sexual behavior

actions that produce arousal and increase likelihood of orgasm

sexual orientation

a person’s inherent romantic, emotional and sexual attraction to other people, whether same sex, opposite or both

subjective experience of emotion

changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses

subjective well being

the state that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect

yerkes dodson law

the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

acquired immunity

immunity provided by antibodies produced in the body in response to specific antigens

adrenal-medullary system

a major neuroendocrine pathway stimulated during stress in which the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system

allostasis

process by which the body achieves stability through physiological change

antigen

any foreign substance that triggers an immune response

cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) model

the hypothesis that hostility can increase the likelihood of heart disease through at least two different causal routes

cardiovascular system

the heart, the blood, and all the blood vessels

catecholamines

chemicals released from the adrenal glands that function as hormones and as neurotransmitters to control ANR activation; they are involved in the “fight or flight” response. Major catecholamines include dopamine and norepinephrine

cellular immunity

the immune response that occurs when T lymphocytes (T cells) fight antigens

coping

the act of dealing with stress or emotions

cortisol

the major glucocorticoid produced in humans, also commonly known as the “stress hormone”. It regulates many important metabolic functions

emotion focused coping

a way of dealing with stress that aims to regulate the experience of distress

exhaustion stage

the phase of the general adaptation syndrome when all resources for fighting the threat have been depleted and illness is more likely

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

produced by Hans Selye, a generalized nonspecific set of changes in the body that occur during extreme stress

glucocorticoids

hormones responsible for maintaining the activation of physiological systems during emergencies. They control many metabolic functions and mobilize resources for the body. The major glucocorticoid in humans is cortisol

gut brain axis

the bidirectional pathway of influence between the intestines and central nervous system, by which changes in the intestinal environment affects the brain and vice versa

health behavior approach

an explanation for illness or health that focuses on the role of behaviors such as diet, exercise, or substance abuse

health psychology

study of psychological factors linked to things in health and illness

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

a major neuroendocrine pathway involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex

infectious disease

diseases that can be transmitted from person to person

metabolic syndrome

a group of factors related to body composition, weight, and diet that increase risk of stroke, diabetes, and heart disease

microbiome

environment of trillions of various microorganisms living within our bodies, which perform important metabolic and physiological functions

natural immunity

the form of immunity that is the first response to antigens

-            keeps us from getting sick, fights off our pathogens

neuroendocrine system

the hormonal systems involved in emotions and stress

physiological reactivity approach

an explanation for the causal role of stress related bodily changes in illness

primary appraisal

quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental situation that is creating stress

problem focused coping

a way of dealing with stress that aims to change the situation that is creating stress

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

the science of how psychological factors relate to changes in the immune system

psychosomatic theory

the idea that emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of illness

resistance stage

in the general adaptation syndrome, extended effort by the body to deal with a threat

secondary appraisal

self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress (do I have what I need to cope with this?)

stress

a response elected when a situation overwhelms a person’s perceived ability to meet the demands of the situation

stressors

the events that trigger a stress response, pushing us to the limit

telomerase

an enzyme that adds DNA sequences to telomeres

type A behavior pattern (TABP)

a way of responding characterized by hostility impatience, competitiveness, and time urgency

DSM-5-TR

defines a mental disorder as a syndrome, a group of clusters of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder

comorbidity

the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time

about half of people

have never had a psychological disorder

neurodevelopmental disorders

existing from childhood

-            Learning disabilities

-            Presented early in development, before school

-            Diagnosed by difference in brain processes

ADHD

a childhood disorder characterized by an inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, and do careful work

many have symptoms before age 12 because it is neurodevelopmental

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behaviors

-            People have a hard time with joint attention (ability to make eye contact and look in the same direction as others)

levels of autism

Level 3= requiring very substantial support, can’t live alone

Level 2= requiring substantial support

Level 1= require support

causes of neurodevelopmental disorders

stem from genetic factors which stem from environmental factors

-            Ex. whether a mother smoked during pregnancy

psychotic disorders

psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions

schizophrenia

a psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in
thought and emotion specifically, problems with perception, including hallucination

word salad

the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

symptoms that include nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

the perceptual experiences associated with this disorder, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech

cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing and speech

delusions

one of the symptoms of schizophrenia: false beliefs or exaggerations
held despite of evidence to the contrary, such as the idea that one is a famous
person

diathesis stress model

an explanation for psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment

depressive disorder

the category of psychological disorders that encompasses all forms of depression, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt

Symptoms must impact daily functioning, must be a source of distress and last for 2 consecutive weeks for a diagnosis

narcissistic personality disorder

a dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by having an extremely positive and arrogant self-image and being extraordinary self-centered; other symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self-importance and grandiosity

learned helplessness

sense of powerlessness that arises from the repeated inability to control or escape from stressful situations

there is a relationship between

extreme stress and depression

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling
between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods.

2 types

cyclothymia

a relatively mild form of bipolar disorder

manic episodes

one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and racing thoughts that last at least one week

borderline personality disorder

a dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder

histrionic personality disorder

a dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors

paranoid personality disorder

an odd, eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways

hypomanic episodes

symptoms of mania (ex. increased energy, euphoria, racing thoughts) that are less severe

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

a stage of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months