Systems BN midterm study guide

Good luck, you got this!! :-) | updated up to the neuroendocrine chapter... need circadian rhythm + visual systems I and II + gustatory + olfactory + auditory and vestibular |

The CNS is made up of the

brain (encephalon) and spinal cord

The brain is made up of the

forebrain, hindbrain, and midbrain (mesencephalon)

The forebrain is made up of the

cerebral hemispheres (telencephalon) and diencephalon

the telencephalon is made up of the

cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

the diencephalon is made up of the

thalamus and hypothalamus

the hind brain is made up of the

metencephalon and myelencephalon

the metencephalon is made up of the

cerebellum and the pons

the PNS is made up of the

somatic and autonomic nerves

the somatic nerves are the

cranial and spinal

the autonomic nerves are the

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric system

spinal cord

processes information and controls movement

cerebellum

central regulation of movement: motor-coordination and control

medulla

vital autonomic functions and connecting CNS

midbrain

sensory and motor functions

thalamus

processes most info from CNS before directing to the cortex

hypothalamus

Regulates autonomic and endocrine functions

hippocampus

learning and memory

corpus callosum

communication between two cerebral hemispheres

pons

sensory and motor nuclei

superior colliculi

visual processing

inferior colliculi

auditory processing

substantia nigra

part of basal ganglia

reticular formation

sleep and arousal

periaqueductal grey

pain perception

limbic system

structures for emotion and learning

amygdala

emotional regulation + odor perception

hippocampus + fornix

learning and memory

cingulate gyrus

attention

olfactory bulb

sense of smell

basal ganglia

important in motor control with caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

neurons are classified by

structure: # of neurites they have

function: role in nervous system

multipolar neuron

1 axon many dendrites

motor, pyramidal, Purkinje

unipolar neuron

most common in invertebrates

autonomic nervous system

1 process

bipolar neuron

most sensory cells

-2 distinct processes, 1 dendrite 1 axon

v-SNARES

attached to vesicles

t-SNARES

Attached to presynaptic membrane

t for target

synaptotagmin

protein used to attach vesicle that serves as calcium sensor

pineal gland

reproductive maturation: body rhythms

anterior pituitary gland

hormone secretion via thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads

growth

posterior pituitary gland

water balance, lactation

thyroid

growth + development, metabolic rate

adrenal cortex

‘outer bark’

salt and carbs metabolism

inflammatory reactions

adrenal medulla

‘inner core’

emotional arsoual

pancreas

glucose regulation

gut

digestion and appetite control

gonads

body development: reproductive organs

Dr. Arnold Adolph Berthold chicken experiment findings

found that the testes release a chemical signal, hormone, that had widespread effects on adult development

endocrine

a hormone released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues

neurocrine

chemical release and diffusion across a synapse

autocrine

released chemical acts on the releasing cell

paracrine

released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells

neuroendocrine

neurons that release hormones into the blood

hormones act in a - fashion

gradual

hormones act by changing the - of a behavior

probability or intensity

The relationship between behavior and hormones is -

reciprocal

a hormone can have - effects and one behavior can be affected by - hormone(s)

multiple : several

hormones often have a - secretion pattern

pulsatile (in bursts)

some hormones are controlled by - in the brain

circadian clocks

hormones can - with other hormones and change their effects

interact

hormones can - affect cells w/ a - for their hormone

only : receptor protein

peptides

short strings of amino acids

amine

modified amino acid (monoamine hormone)

steroid. derivatives of what?

four rings of carbon atoms : cholesterol

examples of peptides

INSULIN

oxytocin

prolactin

GH, TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH

examples of amines

epinephrine

norepinephrine

thyroid hormone

melatonin

‘-ine’ names

example of steriods

estrogens

progestins

androgens

clucocorticoids

‘ens’ / ‘oids’

what is the only hormone type that can bypass the phospholipid bilayer to activate -

steriods : intracellular receptors

what hormone(s) use G-protein coupled receptors to activate second messengers?

peptides and amines

hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that synthesize - hormones are influenced by circulating messages (blood sugar, other hormones, immune system products) and synaptic input from other areas

releasing

steps of hormone release from posterior pituitary

1. neuroendocrine cell bodies in the hypothalamus produce oxytocin or vasopressin

2. axons from neurons pass through pituitary stalk

3. terminate on capillaries of posterior pituitary

4. when action potential arrives at terminal, oxytocin or vasopressin is released from terminal directly to bloodstream

steps of hormone release anterior pituitary

1. neuroendocrine cell bodies in hypothalamus produce releasing hormones

2. released hormones terminate on portal system and travel via portal veins to the anterior pituitary

3. hormone-producing cells in anterior pituitary respond to hypothalamic releasing hormones by ^ or v secretion of own TROPIC hormones

4. tropic hormones travel through bloodstream and regulate endocrine glands throughout body

tropic hormones

prolactin

gonadotropic hormones (LH / FSH)

thyroid stimulating hormones

ACTH

growth hormone

blood vessels carry information only to the - pituitary

anterior

pituitary stalk connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus: contains many - that extend only to the - pituitary

axons : posterior

hypothalamic neurons synthesize - hormones

releasing

axons from these hypothalamic neurons converge on the - above the pituitary stalk

median eminence

RHs are secreted into blood vessels called the hypophyseal - system and are carried to the anterior pituitary, which then releases - hormones

portal : tropic

negative feedback goes to-

both pituitary and the hypothalamus!

the anterior pituitary releases - tropic hormones

secreting

ACTH

controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones

TSH

increases thyroid hormone release

FSH

stimulating egg-containing follicles in ovaries or sperm production in males

LH

stimulates egg-containing follicles to form corpora lutea in ovaries and testosterone production by testes

Prolactin

stimulates lactation in females and involved w parental behavior

GH

influences growth, mostly during sleep

stress

any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance

alarm reaction

initial reaction to stress

fight or flight system steps

hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system which stimulates the adrenal MEDULA to release EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE

epinephrine and norepinephrine - heartrate and breathing

increase

adrenal glands

located on top of each kidney

Adrenal medulla releases the amine hormones epinephrine (-) and norepinephrine (-)

adrenaline : noradrenaline

the adrenal glands are controlled by the - nervous system

sympathetic

the hypothalamus stimulates anterior pit. to release a hormone that causes the adrenal - to release adrenal steroids such as -

cortex : cortisol

stress hormones from the adrenal cortex act more - but also prepare the body for action by - stores of energy

slowly : releasing

adrenal cortex releases - hormones

steroid

glucocorticoids

subgroup involved w glucose metabolim

- is a glucocorticoid stress hormone that increases blood glucose and breaks down protein

cortisol

psychoneuroimmunology

studies interactions of the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems

the immune system is - during depression

compromised

stress can produce a - in the number of immune cells and in levels of -

decrease : cytokines