A&P 2 Lab 5

Exercises 30, 31, & 32

capillaries

site of exchange btwn blood and cells of the body

venules

return blood to veins

tunica externa

• outer layer of arteries and veins

• connective tissue sheath

tunica media

• middle layer of arteries and veins

• composed of smooth muscle

• thicker in arteries than in veins

• arteries have pronounced elastic fibers in wall of tunica media

tunica intima (tunica interna)

• innermost layer of arteries and veins

• consists of thin layer of connective tissue and a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) - layer closest to blood

inner elastic membrane

• in arteries

• thin layer of elastic fibers

elastic (conducting) arteries

• arteries close to the heart

• significant amounts of elastic fibers in tunica media

muscular (distributing) arteries

• farther away from heart

• more smooth muscle in tunica media

3 arteries that branch off aortic arch

• brachiocephalic

• left common carotid

• left subclavian

2 arteries that are fed by brachiocephalic artery

• right common carotid

• right subclavian

which 2 arteries are fed by the subclavian arteries

• vertebral arteries (take blood to brain)

• axillary arteries

brachial artery is fed by __ and splits into __ in the forearm

• axillary artery

• radial artery (lateral) & ulnar artery (medial)

palmar arch arteries

• where radial and ulnar artery become united again

• there is a superficial one and a deep one, and they join (anastomose) and send out small digital arteries

vertebral arteries

• receive blood from subclavian arteries and take it to brain

• traveling through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae, and then into the foramen magnum of the skull

external carotid artery

takes blood to face

internal carotid artery

takes blood to brain, passing through carotid canal

4 major arteries that supply blood to brain

left & right vertebral arteries, and left & right internal carotid arteries

basilar artery

formed by the union of the vertebral arteries at the base of the brain

cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

• blood from basilar artery and the two internal carotid arteries combine in this vessel

• loops around pituitary

• composed of anterior and posterior communicating arteries

  • the uniting of these is called “collateral circulation” → if one artery becomes congested, the region of brain fed by it can be supplied by blood from the other collateral arteries

unlike the human, how many vessels leave aortic arch in cats, and what are they?

• 2 vessels - brachiocephalic artery & left subclavian artery

• brachiocephalic artery

  • divides into left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, & right subclavian artery

subscapular artery in cats

• takes blood to pectoral girdle muscles

1st major branch of abdominal aorta

celiac trunk

celiac trunk splits into 3 separate arteries which are

• splenic artery: takes blood to spleen, pancreas, and parts of stomach

• left gastric artery: takes blood to stomach

• common hepatic artery: takes blood to liver

superior mesenteric artery

• inferior to celiac trunk

• continues through mesentery until it reaches small intestine & proximal portions of large intestine

inferior mesenteric artery

• branch off the aorta after gonadal arteries

• takes blood to lower portion of large intestine

external iliac artery

• branches from common iliac artery

• exits body wall near inguinal canal

• continues into thigh as femoral artery

popliteal artery

• continuation of femoral artery posterior to the knee

• divides into the posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery, and fibular artery

tibial and fibular arteries anastomose to supply blood to ___

plantar arteries, dorsal pedis artery, and digital arteries

arteriosclerosis

• cholesterol plaque (arteriosclerotic plaque) develops under endothelial layer of tunica intima

• hardening of arteries

adrenolumbar arteries

arteries in cats that supply blood to adrenal glands

difference in pelvic arteries btwn cats and humans

• in cats, abdominal aorta splits into external iliac arteries, and a short section of aorta continues and then divides into two internal iliac arteries and caudal artery→ no common iliac artery in cats

• caudal artery takes blood to tail

which veins contain valves

superficial veins

which veins take on names of arteries

deep veins

blood from brain flows into __

internal jugular veins

brachiocephalic vein

• formed by union of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

• 2 of them: left and right

external jugular vein

• drains superficial regions of posterior head

• joins w/ subclavian vein before reaching brachiocephalic vein

major superficial veins of upper limb

• basilic veins (anterior medial side of forearms and arms)

• cephalic veins (anterior lateral side of forearms and arms)

median cubital vein

• anastomosing branch (cross connection) between basilic and cephalic vein

• crosses anterior cubital fossa

• common site for blood draws

deep veins of forearm

• radial veins

• ulnar veins

deep veins of arm

brachial veins

axillary vein

• formed by the merging of brachial and basilic veins

• connects with cephalic vein to form subclavian vein

popliteal vein

formed by union of anterior and posterior tibial veins

femoral vein

formed by union of popliteal vein and small saphenous vein

great saphenous vein

• longest vessel in body

• considered a superficial vein

• joins with femoral vein at inguinal region

external iliac vein

formed after femoral vein crosses under inguinal region (after union with great saphenous vein)

hepatic portal system

• veins that flow into liver before returning to heart

• different flow:

  • blood flows from a capillary bed through veins to another capillary bed (in liver)

hepatic portal vein

formed by union of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

ductus arteriosus

in fetuses, connects pulmonary trunk to aortic arch, blood is shunted from the lungs

foramen ovale

• in fetuses

• blood is shunted from right atrium to left atrium

• bypass route away from lungs

• becomes fossa ovalis after birth

ductus venosus

in fetuses, oxygenated blood bypasses liver and flows into inferior vena cava

__ is not found in cats

basilic vein

transverse jugular vein

• present in cats, absent in humans

• connects the 2 external jugular veins

adrenolumbar veins

only in cats, drains blood from adrenal glands

hepatic portal vein in cats

receives blood from the gastrosplenic vein and superior mesenteric vein